专栏丨慈善法修订：要打击“假慈善”，鼓励“真公益”
<div class="wx_rich_media_content" id="jsWxContainer"><section style="line-height: 1.75em;" data-mpa-powered-by="yiban.io"><br></section><p style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;"><br></p><p style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;"><strong><span style="font-size: 15px;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;letter-spacing: 0.5px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">公益慈善事业是社会文明进步的重要标志。当前，我国的慈善事业在社会治理体系中的价值日渐凸显。</span></strong></p><p style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-size: 15px;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;letter-spacing: 0.5px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><br></span></p><section style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-size: 15px;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;letter-spacing: 0.5px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">2016年9月实施的慈善法，在规范慈善活动、促进慈善事业发展等方面发挥了重要作用。<strong>随着国内经济和社会的发展，慈善监管机制有待完善，慈善创新不足等新问题日益突出。这些都对加强慈善法治建设提出了新要求。</strong></span></section><section style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-size: 15px;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;letter-spacing: 0.5px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><br></span></section><p style="text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;"><span class="wxart_image" wx-style="display:inline-block;"></span></p><section style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;"><br></section><p style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;"><br></p><section data-mpa-template="t" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section data-mpa-template="t" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="display: flex;justify-content: center;align-items: center;width: 100%;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="display: flex;justify-content: flex-start;align-items: center;flex-direction: column;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="width: 23px;height: 23px;display: flex;justify-content: center;align-items: center;align-self: flex-end;margin-right: 22px;margin-bottom: -8.1px;z-index: 1;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><br></section><section style="background: rgb(68, 153, 231);" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="text-align: center;padding: 9px 14px 8px 15px;background: rgb(255, 255, 255);border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(76, 77, 81);transform: translate(-4.1px, -4.1px);" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><p style="font-size: 16px;font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold;font-weight: bold;color: rgb(76, 77, 81);line-height: 22px;letter-spacing: 2px;" data-mid=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">挂羊头卖狗肉，假慈善真诈骗</span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><p style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;"><br></p><p style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-size: 15px;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;letter-spacing: 0.5px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">近年来，一些不法分子，假借公益慈善之名，行谋利之事，从而引发舆情。其中不乏像“<strong>善心汇</strong>”这样涉及900多亿元，近600万人的传销大案。</span></p><p style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-size: 15px;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;letter-spacing: 0.5px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><br></span></p><p style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-size: 15px;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;letter-spacing: 0.5px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">更有甚者，在这起案件侦办期间，传销骨干分子煽动不明真相的群众和残障人士近千人聚集，向政府施压，造成了严重的社会影响。</span></p><p style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-size: 15px;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;letter-spacing: 0.5px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><br></span></p><p style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;"><span class="wxart_image" wx-style="display:inline-block;"></span></p><p style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;letter-spacing: 0.5px;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">▲“善心汇”主要成员在法庭受审（图片源于网络）</span></p><p style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-size: 15px;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;letter-spacing: 0.5px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><br></span></p><p style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;font-size: 15px;letter-spacing: 0.5px;">某些犯罪分子会谎称这是遵循自愿，平等，公益原则的民间组织。</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;font-size: 15px;letter-spacing: 0.5px;">通过一些活动，到处拉条幅拍照。</span><strong style="font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;letter-spacing: 0.5px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">这些活动中，骗子还会联系当地政府，某些基层工作人员缺乏慈善法律常识，看到“爱心人士”要捐款捐物自然乐意提供帮助。</span></strong></p><p style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;font-size: 15px;letter-spacing: 0.5px;"></span><span style="font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;letter-spacing: 0.5px;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);"></span></p><p style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-size: 15px;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;letter-spacing: 0.5px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">没想到这只是诈骗团伙的烟幕弹，他们在现场拍照录像后，宣称“已经与政府合作，带着大家投资致富”。然后再大张旗鼓地拉人头造声势，承诺在她们的平台上投资，每天收益高达1%，平均月收益率高达30%。</span></p><p style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-size: 15px;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;letter-spacing: 0.5px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><br></span></p><p style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-size: 15px;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;letter-spacing: 0.5px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">实际上这些所谓的公益项目，要么是捏造杜撰，要么是做表面文章。而受害者投资的钱财，却进了骗子的腰包。</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;font-size: 15px;letter-spacing: 0.5px;">当罪行败露，骗子们很快转移资产逃之夭夭。</span></p><p style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;"><br></p><p style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;"><strong><span style="font-size: 15px;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;letter-spacing: 0.5px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">这种“挂羊头卖狗肉”的做法，对本就脆弱的公益生态造成了严重影响。剩下的一地鸡毛，则由当地政府收拾残局。</span></strong><span style="font-size: 15px;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;letter-spacing: 0.5px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"></span></p><p style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;"><br></p><section data-mpa-template="t" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="display: flex;justify-content: center;align-items: center;width: 100%;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="display: flex;justify-content: flex-start;align-items: center;flex-direction: column;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="width: 23px;height: 23px;display: flex;justify-content: center;align-items: center;align-self: flex-end;margin-right: 22px;margin-bottom: -8.1px;z-index: 1;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><br></section><section style="background: rgb(68, 153, 231);" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="text-align: center;padding: 9px 14px 8px 15px;background: rgb(255, 255, 255);border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(76, 77, 81);transform: translate(-4.1px, -4.1px);" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><p style="font-size: 16px;font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold;font-weight: bold;color: rgb(76, 77, 81);line-height: 22px;letter-spacing: 2px;" data-mid=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">加强法制建设，让良币驱除劣币</span></p></section></section></section></section></section><p style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;"><br></p><p style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-size: 15px;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;letter-spacing: 0.5px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">随着我国步入新的发展阶段，慈善在参与第三次分配、促进共同富裕方面发挥作用日渐凸显。<strong>公益慈善行业也从规模增长转变为高质量发展。</strong></span></p><p style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-size: 15px;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;letter-spacing: 0.5px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><br></span></p><p style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-size: 15px;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;letter-spacing: 0.5px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">虽然国人并不乏朴素爱心善意，但对于公益慈善的理解和认识还有待提高。推动公益慈善事业健康有序发展，构建慈善法普法大格局，增强全社会的慈善法治意识势在必行。</span></p><p style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-size: 15px;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;letter-spacing: 0.5px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><br></span></p><p style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-size: 15px;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;letter-spacing: 0.5px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">笔者通过对慈善从业者、法律专业人士的访谈，整理出三点主要建议：</span></p><p style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-size: 15px;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;letter-spacing: 0.5px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><br></span></p><ol class="list-paddingleft-1"><li style="font-size: 15px;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);letter-spacing: 0.5px;font-weight: bold;"><p style="line-height: 1.75em;"><strong>建立由县级以上民政部门牵头，相关委办局共同推进的协作机制，共同推动慈善法普及，提升依法行善的社会法制意识。</strong><br><br></p></li><li style="font-size: 15px;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);letter-spacing: 0.5px;font-weight: bold;"><p style="line-height: 1.75em;"><strong>制定执法司法部门“谁执法谁普法”考核办法，落实普法责任制，选择适合的区（县），在执法司法部门开展落实慈善法普法责任等级评定试点。</strong><br><br></p></li><li style="font-size: 15px;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);letter-spacing: 0.5px;font-weight: bold;"><p style="line-height: 1.75em;"><strong>引入律师团队、枢纽平台型社会组织参与普法，壮大普法力量，针对不同人群、不同对象按需普法、以案释法，增强普法针对性、实效性，探索更有效的方式方法。</strong></p></li></ol><p style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-size: 15px;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;letter-spacing: 0.5px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><br></span></p><p style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-size: 15px;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;letter-spacing: 0.5px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">这些慈善从业者和专业人士的观点，反映了来自一线的期待。相信随着慈善法修订，公益慈善行业将迎来一个健康有序，充满活力的新局面。法律之光也会让假借慈善之名，进行违法犯罪的劣迹无处遁形。</span></p><p style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-size: 15px;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;letter-spacing: 0.5px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><br></span></p><p style="text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;"><span class="wxart_image" wx-style="display:inline-block;"></span></p><p style="text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;"><br></p><p style="text-align: center; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;"><br></p><section data-mpa-template="t" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="display: flex;justify-content: center;align-items: center;width: 100%;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="display: flex;justify-content: flex-start;align-items: center;flex-direction: column;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="width: 23px;height: 23px;display: flex;justify-content: center;align-items: center;align-self: flex-end;margin-right: 22px;margin-bottom: -8.1px;z-index: 1;" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><br></section><section style="background: rgb(68, 153, 231);" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="text-align: center;padding: 9px 14px 8px 15px;background: rgb(255, 255, 255);border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(76, 77, 81);transform: translate(-4.1px, -4.1px);" data-mid="" mpa-from-tpl="t"><p style="font-size: 16px;font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold;font-weight: bold;color: rgb(76, 77, 81);line-height: 22px;letter-spacing: 2px;" data-mid=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">鼓励公益创新与加强监管需要平衡</span></p></section></section></section></section></section><p style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;"><br></p><p style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-size: 15px;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;letter-spacing: 0.5px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">党的二十大提出“构建初次分配、再分配、第三次分配协调配套的制度体系”，将发展慈善事业作为推动共同富裕的制度性安排，鼓励支持有意愿有能力的企业、社会组织和个人积极参与公益慈善事业。</span></p><p style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-size: 15px;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;letter-spacing: 0.5px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><br></span></p><p style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;"><strong><span style="font-size: 15px;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;letter-spacing: 0.5px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">这不仅为慈善发展提出了新目标、新要求，也为公益慈善创新提供了新的契机。</span></strong><span style="font-size: 15px;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;letter-spacing: 0.5px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">“如何看待慈善创新中的问题与不足”，“强化监管会不会影响创新”都是公益慈善从业者关心的问题。</span></p><p style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-size: 15px;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;letter-spacing: 0.5px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><br></span></p><p style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-size: 15px;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;letter-spacing: 0.5px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">北京市致诚律师事务所律师，美国杜克大学法学院LLM王延斌认为“<strong>慈善法具有开放性。所有自然人、法人和其他主体，在对外宣传开展公益慈善活动时关键看其是否遵循非营利原则。</strong>”公益也可以收费，最终收益和资产是否真正用于慈善活动，没有被私分。</span></p><p style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-size: 15px;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;letter-spacing: 0.5px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><br></span></p><p style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-size: 15px;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;letter-spacing: 0.5px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">蜜得创益北京负责人张卫华对监管与创新表达了自己见解，“<strong>法律很难做到前瞻和预判，需要注意司法能动与司法谦抑之间的关系。监管过度就会压缩创新的空间。现在要警惕的是逼捐，摊派，以及现有法律怎么普及。</strong>”</span></p><p style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-size: 15px;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;letter-spacing: 0.5px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><br></span></p><p style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-size: 15px;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;letter-spacing: 0.5px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">对于是否有必要对善因营销进行前置性监管，中国传媒大学媒介与公共事务研究院研究员李建峰表示，“<strong>这很难让有关部门落实操作。学界和实务界就慈善与公益的界定还有待共识。从实质上看，公益慈善与民事法规联系比较多，天然存在执法力量不足。从政府角度来看，其主要职能是行政治理。配套行政措施出台，才能查遗补漏。</strong>”</span></p><p style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-size: 15px;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;letter-spacing: 0.5px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><br></span></p><p style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-size: 15px;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;letter-spacing: 0.5px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">他认为，慈善法管理的是第三次分配中的责任主体。<strong>一个企业倡导慈善，不仅仅是捐款捐物，也可以采取善因营销，社会创新等多种方式。</strong>激发责任主体的担当，降低交易成本才是正解。</span></p><p style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-size: 15px;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;letter-spacing: 0.5px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><br></span></p><p style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-size: 15px;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;letter-spacing: 0.5px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">针对慈善执法过程中的问题，各位专家学者也各抒己见。</span></p><p style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-size: 15px;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;letter-spacing: 0.5px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><br></span></p><p style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-size: 15px;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;letter-spacing: 0.5px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">有法律专业人士谈到，慈善法要与民法典衔接。慈善法中有些概念的边界性有待厘清，与其他法律的法条之间完全打通比较困难，但是<strong>有正确的判例就可以形成良好的开端</strong>。</span></p><p style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-size: 15px;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;letter-spacing: 0.5px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><br></span></p><p style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-size: 15px;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;letter-spacing: 0.5px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">“如果涉及慈善或市场主体违法，接到举报后市场监管部门和民政谁接到谁处理，不应出现真空。”对此，王延斌律师也表示认同，“涉及市场主体时，民政部门可以汇同工商及市场监管部门联合执法。工商及市场监管也可以根据慈善法执法，对违法行为进行警告、处罚。”</span></p><p style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-size: 15px;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;letter-spacing: 0.5px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><br></span></p><p style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;"><strong><span style="font-size: 15px;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;letter-spacing: 0.5px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">慈善法修订的重点突破，是促进法律与行政管理之间的配套协同。</span></strong><span style="font-size: 15px;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;letter-spacing: 0.5px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">没有配套措施出台，法律缺乏抓手。同时，我们也应理性看待法律的局限性，任何法律法规都无法面面俱到，需要有组织体系和组织保障。</span></p><p style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-size: 15px;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;letter-spacing: 0.5px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><br></span></p><p style="margin-left: 8px; 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