gongyi020 发表于 2025-2-12 15:20:00

论坛实录|魏佳羽:避免随迁儿童与父母分离的观察和实践

<div class="wx_rich_media_content" id="jsWxContainer"><section style="font-size: 15px; color: rgb(63, 63, 63); font-family: PingFangSC-light; letter-spacing: 0.8px; line-height: 2.3; padding-right: 15px; padding-left: 15px; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="line-height: 0; box-sizing: border-box; max-width: 100%;"><section style="max-width: 100%;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 0; outline: 0px; border-style: none; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); letter-spacing: 1px; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="line-height: 0;width: 100%;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><br></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="max-width: 100%; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;flex-flow: row;box-sizing: border-box;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;"><section style="display: flex;justify-content: flex-start;flex-direction: row;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;display: inline-block;width: 100%;flex: 0 0 auto;align-self: flex-start;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(255, 241, 228);padding: 20px;box-sizing: border-box;width: 100%;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;max-width: 100%;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.8px;box-sizing: border-box;">2024年11月24日,由中国基金会发展论坛主办,招商局慈善基金会、“流动的中国”研究网络、北京三知困难儿童救助服务中心联合承办的《以人为本的新型城镇化发展的趋势与机遇》平行论坛在杭州举办。北京三知困难儿童救助服务中心总干事魏佳羽在本次论坛上发表了题为“避免随迁儿童与父母分离的观察和实践”的主题分享。以下是魏佳羽主题分享的文字整理稿,经本人审定。</span></p></section></section><section style="display: contents;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: contents;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: contents;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="justify-content: flex-start; 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border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; padding-left: 9px; min-width: 10%; max-width: 100%; height: auto; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: left;"><section style="max-width: 100%;margin: 2px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><svg viewBox="0 0 1 1" style="float:left;line-height:0;width:0;vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section></section><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-left: 5px solid rgb(237, 97, 82); border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; padding-left: 9px; min-width: 10%; max-width: 100%; height: auto; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: left;"><section style="max-width: 100%;margin: 2px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(237, 97, 82);font-size: 16px;line-height: 1.3;box-sizing: border-box;max-width: 100%;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.8px;box-sizing: border-box;">一、流动人口子女与父母分离的现状</span></strong></p></section></section></section></section></section><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p><section style="box-sizing: border-box;max-width: 100%;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.8px;box-sizing: border-box;">在城镇化背景下,流动人口规模庞大,而<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8px;color: rgb(237, 97, 82);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">流动人口子女数量占儿童的比例比流动人口占总人口的比例更高,几乎占中国儿童的一半。</strong></span>根据第七次全国人口普查数据,<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.8px;color: rgb(237, 97, 82);box-sizing: border-box;">2020年中国受人口流动影响的儿童规模约为1.38亿,其中流动儿童约7109万,留守儿童约6693万。</span></strong></span></p></section><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="wxart_image" wx-style="display:inline-block;vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;height: auto !important;"></span></section></section><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;max-width: 100%;line-height: 1.5;"><p style="text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;">(<span style="text-align: justify;letter-spacing: 0.8px;box-sizing: border-box;">数据出处:《2020年中国儿童人口状况:事实与数据》</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.8px;box-sizing: border-box;">)</span></p></section></section><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.8px;box-sizing: border-box;">然而,<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.8px;color: rgb(237, 97, 82);box-sizing: border-box;">目前针对“流动”和“留守”的分类并不完全严谨。</span></strong>通常我们会认为流动儿童即已被父母带到城市,留守儿童则独自留在老家。<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.8px;color: rgb(237, 97, 82);box-sizing: border-box;">但实际中,流动儿童中约有1700万并未与父母生活在一起,即“流动的留守儿童”,其居住地与户籍地分离,同时也与父母分离,</span></strong>其中约1200万是大龄儿童,他们从乡村到县城读书,通常被统计为流动儿童。<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8px;color: rgb(237, 97, 82);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">还有500多万低龄儿童,主要是“流动的留守儿童”。</strong></span></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">这些孩子能否健康成长,<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(237, 97, 82);box-sizing: border-box;">从群体角度看,没有哪个群体能够比父母更好地去扮演陪伴和支持儿童成长的角色。</span></strong>因此,<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(237, 97, 82);box-sizing: border-box;">我们针对流动人口子女群体提出“让儿童和父母在一起”的倡议,是在庞大规模的流动人口家庭由于公共服务供给不足被迫亲子分离的背景下提出的,倡议和努力推动的方向是流动人口子女不再(因制度和政策等外部原因)与父母分离。</span></strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="wxart_image" wx-style="display:inline-block;vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;height: auto !important;"></span></section></section><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;max-width: 100%;line-height: 1.5;"><p style="text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.8px;text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;">(数据出处:《2020年中国儿童人口状况:事实与数据》,《中国农村留守儿童的最新状况和变动趋势:2010-2020》)</span></p></section></section><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">在讨论流动人口子女问题时,<span style="color: rgb(237, 97, 82);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">需要将“流动”和“留守”置于同一维度进行分析,即从孩子与父母的真实居住状况出发,并进一步区分农村留守儿童和城镇留守儿童。</strong></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(237, 97, 82);box-sizing: border-box;">在1.38亿流动儿童中,近七成不能与父母双方居住在一起,其中超过3成父母双方都不在身边,更加缺乏父母的陪伴和支持;另外3成与父亲或母亲一方居住在一起。0-5岁农村留守儿童尤为值得关注。</span></strong>七普数据显示2020年约有1400万,占比达到35.8%。其中70%缺乏母亲陪伴,主要由父亲或祖辈照顾。<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(237, 97, 82);box-sizing: border-box;">大量农村低龄儿童的成长缺乏母亲陪伴,会对儿童的健康、认知和非认知能力发展带来长期负面影响,</span></strong>不利于我国儿童的高质量发展。</p></section><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="wxart_image" wx-style="display:inline-block;vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;height: auto !important;"></span></section></section><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;max-width: 100%;line-height: 1.5;"><p style="text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-align: justify;letter-spacing: 0.8px;box-sizing: border-box;">(中国流动人口子女与父母分离的原因分析)</span></p></section></section><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.8px;box-sizing: border-box;">关于流动人口子女与父母分离的原因,过往讨论多聚焦于流动儿童因在流入地上学难导致家庭选择让孩子留守,另一方面原因是家庭经济和时间精力的限制,但大多可归结为经济收入问题,因为时间不足可通过经济投入弥补,而低收入家庭在工作与照顾孩子之间难以两全。</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="wxart_image" wx-style="display:inline-block;vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;height: auto !important;"></span></section></section><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;max-width: 100%;line-height: 1.5;"><p style="text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.8px;text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;">(</span><span style="text-align: justify;letter-spacing: 0.8px;box-sizing: border-box;">数据出处:2015年-2022年,教育统计数据</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.8px;box-sizing: border-box;">)</span></p></section></section><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">我们透过教育统计数据来对随迁子女进行单独分析。这里的随迁子女不仅包括进城务工人员的子女,还涵盖城市户籍和农村户籍的流动儿童,即所有居住地与户籍地分离的儿童。数据显示,城镇户籍随迁子女占比约为1/3。<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(237, 97, 82);box-sizing: border-box;">从2015年到2022年,义务教育阶段随迁子女每升入高一年级,每年就会减少(返乡、离家)超过50万人,其中五、六年升学阶段占比超过60%。</span></strong>原因是到了小学高年级和小升初阶段,<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(237, 97, 82);box-sizing: border-box;">由于升学困难,大量孩子离开城市返回户籍地。</span></strong>这种现象并非真正意义上的“返乡”,而只是随迁子女为了完成教育的一个阶段,被迫离开生活和成长的城市,前往陌生的户籍地。这种离家现象对孩子的心理和成长影响深远。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p><section style="max-width: 100%;display: inline-block;flex: 0 0 auto;align-self: flex-start;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-left: 5px solid rgb(237, 97, 82); border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; padding-left: 9px; min-width: 10%; max-width: 100%; height: auto; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: left;"><section style="max-width: 100%;margin: 2px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(237, 97, 82);font-size: 16px;line-height: 1.3;box-sizing: border-box;max-width: 100%;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.8px;box-sizing: border-box;">二、落户&amp;上学政策都在放开,能否避免流动人口子女与父母分离?</span></strong></p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box; max-width: 100%;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;max-width: 100%;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.8px;box-sizing: border-box;">自2018年起,国家明确以大中城市为核心主的城乡融合发展战略,深化户籍制度改革,加大随迁子女教育保障力度。目前,政策已取得显著进展。</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="wxart_image" wx-style="display:inline-block;vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;height: auto !important;"></span></section></section><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;max-width: 100%;line-height: 1.5;"><p style="text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;">(全国各大中城市户籍制度概览)</p></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;max-width: 100%;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">一方面,<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(237, 97, 82);box-sizing: border-box;">户籍制度改革正在加速推进。</span></strong>城区常住人口300万以下城市基本取消落户限制,300万以上城市落户条件逐步放宽。同时,国家推行以常住地登记户口制度,逐步实现人口居住地与户口登记地一致,按照“十四五”规划,这一制度将在2025年底基本覆盖除少数特大、超大城市外的全国范围。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="wxart_image" wx-style="display:inline-block;vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;height: auto !important;"></span></section></section><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;max-width: 100%;line-height: 1.5;"><p style="text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;">(<span style="text-align: justify;letter-spacing: 0.8px;box-sizing: border-box;">《广州市户籍迁入管理规定(修订稿)》公开征求意见,2024.11.18</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.8px;box-sizing: border-box;">)</span></p></section></section><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box; max-width: 100%;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;max-width: 100%;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.8px;color: rgb(237, 97, 82);box-sizing: border-box;">政策落地也在加快推进,为流动人口提供了更多落户机会。</span></strong><span style="letter-spacing: 0.8px;box-sizing: border-box;">以江浙地区为例,2023年浙江和江苏同步出台放开落户政策,推行以常住地登记户口制度。目前,除杭州、南京等核心城市外,其他城市已全面放开落户限制,核心城市的积分落户门槛也在进一步降低。在珠三角地区,广东省虽未明确全省统一政策,但各市已陆续出台相关措施。例如,东莞在2023年4月明确实行以经常居住地登记户口制度,要求“一年居住证+一年社保”即可落户。广州在2024年10月18日发布《广州市户籍迁入管理规定(修订稿)》,成为一线城市中首个明确提出取消积分落户年度名额限制的城市。这为流动人口家庭提</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.8px;box-sizing: border-box;">供了更明确的落户预期。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="wxart_image" wx-style="display:inline-block;vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;height: auto !important;"></span></section></section><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;max-width: 100%;line-height: 1.5;"><p style="text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.8px;text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;">(</span><span style="text-align: justify;letter-spacing: 0.8px;box-sizing: border-box;">新生人口快速下降,成为义务教育阶段入学的最后挑战</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.8px;box-sizing: border-box;">)</span></p></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;max-width: 100%;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">另一方面,<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(237, 97, 82);box-sizing: border-box;">教育供给面临着人口结构变化的冲击。</span></strong>我国出生人口自2016年达到1786万的高峰后迅速下滑,到2022年降至954万。这导致教育需求减少,幼儿园和小学入学人数明显下降。例如,2023年全国学前教育在园幼儿数较上年减少534.57万人,小学入学人数也从2023年的1800万降至2024年的1500万。<span style="color: rgb(237, 97, 82);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">这一变化让人口流入地可以为随迁子女提供更多学位供给,尤其是核心城市能有更多的教育资源提供给随迁子女。</strong></span>同时,<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(237, 97, 82);box-sizing: border-box;">城市对人口的重视程度也在提升。</span></strong>随着人口流出城市的经济面临困难,城市管理者越来越意识到人口的重要性,不仅人才重要,普通人口也同样重要。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="wxart_image" wx-style="display:inline-block;vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;height: auto !important;"></span></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="wxart_image" wx-style="display:inline-block;vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;height: auto !important;"></span></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="wxart_image" wx-style="display:inline-block;vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;height: auto !important;"></span></section></section><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;max-width: 100%;line-height: 1.5;"><p style="text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.8px;text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;">(</span><span style="text-align: justify;letter-spacing: 0.8px;box-sizing: border-box;">2023年初,浙江、随迁子女入学、转学“零门槛”</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.8px;box-sizing: border-box;">)</span></p></section></section><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">此外,<span style="color: rgb(237, 97, 82);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">随迁子女教育保障也在不断强化,以公办学校为主,将随迁子女纳入流入地义务教育保障范围,逐步扩大其在公办学校就读比例。</strong></span>浙江在户籍和教育政策方面已做出较大调整,积极面向流动人口提供服务。2023年初,浙江多地发布“零门槛”入学、转学政策,同步开放入学和转学。所谓“零门槛”,基本要求是持有居住证,部分地区可能还要求社保,但难度已大幅降低。然而,流动人口对于政策落地的感知度仍有差距,社区居民对此的了解还不够充分。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section><section style="max-width: 100%;display: inline-block;flex: 0 0 auto;align-self: flex-start;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-left: 5px solid rgb(237, 97, 82); border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; padding-left: 9px; min-width: 10%; max-width: 100%; height: auto; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: left;"><section style="max-width: 100%;margin: 2px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(237, 97, 82);font-size: 16px;line-height: 1.3;box-sizing: border-box;max-width: 100%;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.8px;box-sizing: border-box;">三、避免随迁儿童与父母分离的观察和实践</span></strong></p></section></section></section></section></section><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="wxart_image" wx-style="display:inline-block;vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;height: auto !important;"></span></section></section><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;max-width: 100%;line-height: 1.5;"><p style="text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.8px;text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;">(</span><span style="text-align: justify;letter-spacing: 0.8px;box-sizing: border-box;">“面临亲子分离风险的流动儿童”和“有机会家庭团聚的留守儿童”</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.8px;box-sizing: border-box;">)</span></p></section></section><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p><section style="box-sizing: border-box;max-width: 100%;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.8px;box-sizing: border-box;">我们将流动和留守儿童再进行细分。其中,<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.8px;color: rgb(237, 97, 82);box-sizing: border-box;">长远来看,需要将“面临亲子分离风险的流动儿童”和“有机会家庭团聚的留守儿童”综合起来看待,通过政策来支持家庭团聚,为儿童提供更完整的成长环境。</span></strong>针对“困境”流动儿童和留守儿童,常规政策可能难以解决其困境,需要更细致的个案支持。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="wxart_image" wx-style="display:inline-block;vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;height: auto !important;"></span></section></section><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;max-width: 100%;line-height: 1.5;"><p style="text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;">(<span style="text-align: justify;letter-spacing: 0.8px;box-sizing: border-box;">从2014年小学招生-2023年初中毕业,北京同期在校生人数减少4.29万人</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.8px;box-sizing: border-box;">)</span></p></section></section><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box; max-width: 100%;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.8px;box-sizing: border-box;">以下透过三个代表性区域(北京、广东、浙江)来呈现流动儿童教育方面所面临的不同情况。<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.8px;color: rgb(237, 97, 82);box-sizing: border-box;">北京、上海的流动儿童教育面临挑战是最大的。</span></strong>北京2014年小学入学人数为15.3万,到2023年初中毕业时降至11.4万,减少的4万基本为非京籍孩子,他们因升学困难返回户籍地。上海情况稍好,积分达120分的白领子女可参加中高考,但仍面临类似问题。</span></p></section></section><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="wxart_image" wx-style="display:inline-block;vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;height: auto !important;"></span></section></section><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;max-width: 100%;line-height: 1.5;"><p style="text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.8px;text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;">(</span><span style="text-align: justify;letter-spacing: 0.8px;box-sizing: border-box;">一个居住在广东(深、广)的湖南籍流动人口家庭的“选择”</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.8px;box-sizing: border-box;">)</span></p></section></section><section style="max-width: 100%;display: inline-block;flex: 0 0 auto;align-self: flex-start;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><svg viewBox="0 0 1 1" style="float:left;line-height:0;width:0;vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;max-width: 100%;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">上图“一个居住在广东(深、广)的湖南籍流动人口家庭的‘选择’”则提醒我们,<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(237, 97, 82);box-sizing: border-box;">在儿童教育问题上,政策制定、公益实践等都需要突破条条块块的限制,需要把完整的目标群体视角带进去,</span></strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(237, 97, 82);box-sizing: border-box;">从全景视角看待。</span></strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">在广东(特别是广州和深圳),有着大量湖南籍流动人口家庭。他们在子女不同教育阶段,特别是幼升小、小升初、中考、高考等关键节点,不断在做<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(237, 97, 82);box-sizing: border-box;">“教育选择”</span></strong>。这些选择环环相扣,<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(237, 97, 82);box-sizing: border-box;">影响到一个家庭在不同区域流动、住房、工作等方面的重大决定,而过程中也面临迁入地和迁出地的双重困境。</span></strong>比如,在广东可能因教育资源紧张或高考难度大而考虑回老家,但在老家又面临买学区房等问题。同时,家庭就业稳定性也显著影响其教育选择,城市就业不稳定或收入减少会加剧家庭回流倾向。尽管流入地政策有所开放,但开放程度不足,而流出地的多种因素仍在“拉回”家庭。<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(237, 97, 82);box-sizing: border-box;">这种“推拉”效应导致许多家庭在两地间反复流动,难以稳定下来。</span></strong></p></section><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="wxart_image" wx-style="display:inline-block;vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;height: auto !important;"></span></section></section><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;max-width: 100%;line-height: 1.5;"><p style="text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.8px;text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;">(</span><span style="text-align: justify;letter-spacing: 0.8px;box-sizing: border-box;">“侯鸟飞翔家”项目,回应随迁子女“小升初难题”</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.8px;box-sizing: border-box;">)</span></p></section></section><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">北、上、广、深之外,各地的落户政策和非户籍儿童的入学升学政策门槛正在加速放开。这意味着流动儿童的教育选择面临新的机遇和挑战。以浙江嘉兴为例。2023年,嘉兴市拾星者青少年社工事务所启动“候鸟飞翔家”项目,陪伴嘉兴平湖一所新居民学校(由政府购买服务、专门接受随迁子女的学校)小学毕业班的孩子做小升初阶段的升学准备,希望帮助这些孩子继续留在平湖升学。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">从2023年底到2024年8月,这批想留却不知如何留下的孩子,从最开始未知能否升学(可能返乡)、到了解积分入学政策后主动报名第一志愿初中、到被告知第一志愿初中学位已满未被录取(可能面临被分配到稍远的乡镇或村校)、再到支持家长社群进一步向教委表达扩班意愿,最终,第一志愿学校扩招2个班,所有报名的孩子都顺利被录取,实现了就近升学的愿望。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">该案例表明,<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(237, 97, 82);box-sizing: border-box;">政府相关部门对于户籍和教育政策的方策的放开是有一些准备的,当家长将需求明确反馈给相关部门时,政策能够做出回应,并提供解决方案。</span></strong>在浙江,这种情况并非个案。对此,<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(237, 97, 82);box-sizing: border-box;">流动家庭不仅需要了解和正确解读流入地的入学、升学政策,也需要有意愿、有信心、有渠道向教育部门表达子女求学的需求。而这些方面,正是公益组织大有可为的空间。</span></strong></p></section><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="wxart_image" wx-style="display:inline-block;vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;height: auto !important;"></span></section></section><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;max-width: 100%;line-height: 1.5;"><p style="text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.8px;text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;">(</span><span style="text-align: justify;letter-spacing: 0.8px;box-sizing: border-box;">行动与倡导目标:促进留守儿童家庭团聚、避免随迁儿童亲子分离</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.8px;box-sizing: border-box;">)</span></p></section></section><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(237, 97, 82);box-sizing: border-box;">当前正是加速推进随迁儿童和留守儿童在其父母工作地就近入学、升学的重要窗口期。</span></strong>过去,针对流动儿童和留守儿童的政策多聚焦于关爱服务,<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(237, 97, 82);box-sizing: border-box;">未来应将“促进留守儿童家庭团聚、避免随迁儿童亲子分离”作为下一步行动与倡导目标,进一步关注政策改革到个体受益之间的卡点和难点,让孩子与父母在一起获得教育、陪伴和支持。</span></strong>对于流动儿童,应避免其与父母分离,完善支持政策,减少因分离带来的伤害。对于留守儿童,需支持其与父母团聚,关注团聚过程中的适应问题,尤其是高龄儿童,他们与父母分离时间长,团聚后可能面临更多复杂情况。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box; max-width: 100%;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">来源:<a href="https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/yzWnVDJiR1frBIbej-3PJQ" style="letter-spacing: 0.8px;">招商局慈善基金会</a></p></section></section></section><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box; max-width: 100%;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section></section><p style="display: none;"><mp-style-type data-value="10000"></mp-style-type></p></div><p></p>
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