慈善、公益与社会工作——概念辨析与实践考察
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visibility: visible;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 19px; visibility: visible;"><section style="margin-right: auto; margin-left: auto; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(234, 76, 84); background-color: rgb(234, 76, 84); text-align: center; width: 1.8em; height: 1.8em; line-height: 1.8em; border-radius: 100%; font-size: 17px; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); visibility: visible;"><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; visibility: visible;"><strong style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; visibility: visible;">导</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="margin-left: 5px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; width: auto; min-width: 10%; flex: 0 0 auto; height: auto; align-self: flex-end; visibility: visible;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-flow: row nowrap; text-align: left; justify-content: flex-start; visibility: visible;"><section style="padding: 2px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; width: auto; vertical-align: top; min-width: 10%; flex: 0 0 auto; height: auto; align-self: flex-start; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; border-radius: 205px; border-color: rgb(234, 76, 84); overflow: hidden; visibility: visible;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 19px; visibility: visible;"><section style="margin-right: auto; margin-left: auto; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(234, 76, 84); background-color: rgb(234, 76, 84); text-align: center; width: 1.8em; height: 1.8em; line-height: 1.8em; border-radius: 100%; font-size: 17px; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); visibility: visible;"><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; visibility: visible;"><strong style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; visibility: visible;">读</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="margin-left: 5px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; width: auto; min-width: 10%; flex: 0 0 auto; height: auto; align-self: flex-end; visibility: visible;"><svg viewBox="0 0 1 1" style="float: left;line-height: 0;width: 0px;vertical-align: top;visibility: visible;"></svg></section><section style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; width: 66px; align-self: flex-end; flex: 0 0 auto; height: auto; visibility: visible;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: left; line-height: 0; transform: translate3d(-14px, 0px, 0px); visibility: visible;"><section style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle; display: inline-block; line-height: 0; width: 52.7969px; height: auto; visibility: visible;"><span class="wxart_image" wx-style="display:inline-block;outline: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;vertical-align: middle;width: 52.7969px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;visibility: visible !important;"></span></section></section></section></section><p powered-by="xiumi.us" style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; visibility: visible;"><br style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; visibility: visible;"></p><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: center; justify-content: center; display: flex; flex-flow: row nowrap; visibility: visible;"><section style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; width: 609.297px; vertical-align: top; align-self: flex-start; flex: 0 0 auto; height: auto; visibility: visible;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; visibility: visible;"><section style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify; visibility: visible;"><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; visibility: visible;">本文系陈涛教授于社会工作视野下公益慈善事业发展国际研讨会暨 2022 首届“中部善起”湖北基金会发展论坛上关于“慈善、公益与社会工作——概念辨析与实践考察”主题演讲的发言。</p></section></section></section></section><p powered-by="xiumi.us" style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; visibility: visible;"><br style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; visibility: visible;"></p><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; justify-content: flex-start; display: flex; flex-flow: row nowrap; visibility: visible;"><section style="padding: 20px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; width: 677px; vertical-align: top; align-self: flex-start; flex: 0 0 auto; background-color: rgba(255, 233, 233, 0.78); visibility: visible;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; visibility: visible;"><section style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle; display: inline-block; line-height: 0; visibility: visible;"><span class="wxart_image" wx-style="display:inline-block;outline: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;vertical-align: middle;width: 349px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;visibility: visible !important;"></span></section></section><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;"><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: center; color: rgb(226, 0, 0);"><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;">陈涛教授</strong></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;">中国社会科学院大学</strong></p></section></section></section><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; justify-content: flex-start; display: flex; flex-flow: row nowrap;"><section style="padding: 24px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; width: 677px; vertical-align: top; align-self: flex-start; flex: 0 0 auto; border-style: solid; border-width: 2px; border-color: rgb(234, 76, 84);"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: center;"><section style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify; color: rgb(62, 62, 62);"><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;">“今天讲的主题就是有关慈善、公益与社会工作的概念辨析与实践考察观点的相关内容。多年前写过一篇文章，主要讨论<strong style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;">社会工作与慈善活动的关系</strong>,中心观点是专业化的社会工作是现代慈善活动发展的内在要求,同时社会工作要避免过度专业化而丧失它与慈善的富有活力的本源联系。接下来我会从以下几点来讲述：一是慈善、公益与社会工作的概念、关系；二是慈善、公益与社会工作的历史；三是专业化社会工作在现代慈善、公益活动中的作用；四是重建社会工作与慈善、公益的有机关系。”</p></section></section></section></section><p powered-by="xiumi.us" style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"></p><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: center; justify-content: center; display: flex; flex-flow: row nowrap;"><section style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: auto; align-self: flex-start; flex: 0 0 auto; min-width: 5%; height: auto;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: left; justify-content: flex-start; display: flex; flex-flow: row nowrap;"><section style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 16.9219px;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="margin-top: 5px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: right; transform: translate3d(1px, 0px, 0px);"><section style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; width: 6px; height: 6px; vertical-align: top; overflow: hidden; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(234, 76, 84);"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;"><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section></section></section></section><section style="outline: 0px; 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vertical-align: top; overflow: hidden; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(234, 76, 84);"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;"><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="margin-top: 10px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; justify-content: flex-start; display: flex; flex-flow: row nowrap;"><section style="padding-left: 10px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: auto; align-self: center; flex: 0 0 auto; min-width: 5%; height: auto;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="margin-top: 4px; margin-bottom: 4px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify; font-size: 18px; color: rgb(226, 0, 0); line-height: 1.2;"><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;">精彩</strong></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;">回顾</strong></p></section></section></section><section style="margin-left: 10px; padding-right: 35px; padding-left: 10px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: auto; align-self: center; flex: 0 0 auto; min-width: 5%; height: auto; border-left: 1px solid rgb(226, 0, 0);"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(226, 0, 0);"><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section></section></section><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; justify-content: flex-start; display: flex; flex-flow: row nowrap;"><section style="padding-right: 15px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; width: 677px; vertical-align: top; align-self: flex-start; flex: 0 0 auto; line-height: 0;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="margin-top: -10px; margin-bottom: -2px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: right; justify-content: flex-end; display: flex; flex-flow: row nowrap; transform: translate3d(20px, 0px, 0px);"><section style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: auto; align-self: flex-start; flex: 0 0 auto; min-width: 5%; height: auto; line-height: 0;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; transform: translate3d(-1px, 0px, 0px);"><section style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; width: 20px; height: 9px; vertical-align: top; overflow: hidden; border-top: 1px solid rgb(226, 0, 0); border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(226, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(226, 0, 0); border-top-left-radius: 100px; border-bottom-left-radius: 101px;"><svg viewBox="0 0 1 1" style="float:left;line-height:0;width:0;vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section><section style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: auto; align-self: flex-start; flex: 0 0 auto; min-width: 5%; height: auto; line-height: 0;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; transform: translate3d(-1px, 0px, 0px);"><section style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; width: 20px; height: 9px; vertical-align: top; overflow: hidden; border-top: 1px solid rgb(226, 0, 0);"><svg viewBox="0 0 1 1" style="float:left;line-height:0;width:0;vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section></section><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; width: 662px; height: 8px; vertical-align: top; overflow: hidden; border-top: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(226, 0, 0); border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(226, 0, 0); border-top-right-radius: 100px; border-bottom-right-radius: 100px;"><svg viewBox="0 0 1 1" style="float:left;line-height:0;width:0;vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;"><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; justify-content: flex-start; display: flex; flex-flow: row nowrap;"><section style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; width: auto; align-self: flex-end; flex: 0 0 auto; min-width: 5%; height: auto;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify; font-size: 22px;"><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;">Part.</strong></p></section></section><section style="padding-left: 5px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; width: auto; align-self: flex-end; min-width: 5%; flex: 0 0 auto; height: auto;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 19px; text-align: center;"><section style="margin-right: auto; margin-left: auto; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(243, 198, 37); background-color: rgb(243, 198, 37); width: 1.8em; height: 1.8em; line-height: 1.8em; border-radius: 100%; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;">1</p></section></section></section></section><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;"><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;"><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: center;"><strong style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;">慈善、公益与社会工作的概念、关系</strong></p></section></section></section><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; justify-content: flex-start; display: flex; flex-flow: row nowrap;"><section style="padding: 3px 10px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; width: 677px; vertical-align: top; align-self: flex-start; flex: 0 0 auto; background-color: rgba(255, 233, 233, 0.78);"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;"><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify; color: rgb(62, 62, 62);"><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-indent: 2em;">首先我们先讲一下这几个概念。<strong style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;">慈善</strong>，它所强调的是捐赠、救济、援助，所以在慈善的两端分别是发出者与接受者，并且行为的发出者一定是“自愿的”，也就是说发出者可以选择“慈善”的对象、范围、数量等。这样的关系或在本质上是不平等的，在这个概念背后可能隐藏了“强”、“弱”的身份感。<strong style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;">公益</strong>其实也叫公共利益,是指在一定社会条件下或特定范围内不特定多数主体利益相一致的方面,不特定多数主体既可能是全体社会成员, 也可能不是全体社会成员, 而利益范围既包括经济利益, 也包括正义、公平、美德等。当今对<strong style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;">社会工作</strong>的共识性理解是社会工作是以实践为基础的职业，是促进社会改革和发展、提高社会凝聚力、赋权并解放人类的一门学科，社会工作鼓励人们和各类机构应对生活挑战和改善福利。</p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-indent: 2em;"><br style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-indent: 2em;"><strong style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;">那么这三者之间有什么关系呢？</strong></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-indent: 2em;">关于三者之间的关系：</p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-indent: 2em;">一是“社会工作”和“公益”都强调人们包括受助对象的参与性，不论是社会工作的“助人自助”还是公益强调的制度保障与共同行动，其背后的核心都是人们的参与。而在“慈善”中，可能受助者往往是被动的对象，处于弱势的地位接受帮助；但就其活动的发生与过程来看，它也涉及到较多人的参与。</p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-indent: 2em;">二是就专业性而言，社会工作强调社工是接受过较系统训练，有更多知识储备的专业性，但是公益和慈善可能并不刻意要求这样的一个专业性。</p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-indent: 2em;">三是我们认为公益慈善社会工作关系中公益是一个非常大的概念。凡是能够促进公共利益的活动，都能够纳入其中。那这个意义上，社会工作和慈善的很大一部分都与公益重合。但是从直接动机与客观结果而言，慈善与社会工作都并不一定是实现公共利益，慈善可以仅满足某个对象的利益，社会工作也可以仅服务某个具体的个案。而公益诉讼、环境保护等活动，虽然也是促进公共利益的活动，但其不能属于社会工作和慈善的范畴。因此，公益与社会工作、慈善有所重合，但其能够包含更多的东西。</p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section></section></section><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; justify-content: flex-start; display: flex; flex-flow: row nowrap;"><section style="padding-right: 15px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; width: 677px; vertical-align: top; align-self: flex-start; flex: 0 0 auto; line-height: 0;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="margin-top: -10px; margin-bottom: -2px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: right; justify-content: flex-end; display: flex; flex-flow: row nowrap; transform: translate3d(20px, 0px, 0px);"><section style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: auto; align-self: flex-start; flex: 0 0 auto; min-width: 5%; height: auto; line-height: 0;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; transform: translate3d(-1px, 0px, 0px);"><section style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; width: 20px; height: 9px; vertical-align: top; overflow: hidden; border-top: 1px solid rgb(226, 0, 0); border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(226, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(226, 0, 0); border-top-left-radius: 100px; border-bottom-left-radius: 101px;"><svg viewBox="0 0 1 1" style="float:left;line-height:0;width:0;vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section><section style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: auto; align-self: flex-start; flex: 0 0 auto; min-width: 5%; height: auto; line-height: 0;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; transform: translate3d(-1px, 0px, 0px);"><section style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; width: 20px; height: 9px; vertical-align: top; overflow: hidden; border-top: 1px solid rgb(226, 0, 0);"><svg viewBox="0 0 1 1" style="float:left;line-height:0;width:0;vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section></section><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; width: 662px; height: 8px; vertical-align: top; overflow: hidden; border-top: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(226, 0, 0); border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(226, 0, 0); border-top-right-radius: 100px; border-bottom-right-radius: 100px;"><svg viewBox="0 0 1 1" style="float:left;line-height:0;width:0;vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;"><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; justify-content: flex-start; display: flex; flex-flow: row nowrap;"><section style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; width: auto; align-self: flex-end; flex: 0 0 auto; min-width: 5%; height: auto;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;"><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify; font-size: 22px;"><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;">Part.</strong></p></section></section><section style="padding-left: 5px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; width: auto; align-self: flex-end; min-width: 5%; flex: 0 0 auto; height: auto;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 19px; text-align: center;"><section style="margin-right: auto; margin-left: auto; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(243, 198, 37); background-color: rgb(243, 198, 37); width: 1.8em; height: 1.8em; line-height: 1.8em; border-radius: 100%; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;">2</p></section></section></section></section><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;"><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;"><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: center;"><strong style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;">慈善、公益与社会工作的历史</strong></p></section></section></section><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; justify-content: flex-start; display: flex; flex-flow: row nowrap;"><section style="padding: 3px 10px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; width: 677px; vertical-align: top; align-self: flex-start; flex: 0 0 auto; background-color: rgba(255, 233, 233, 0.78);"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;"><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify; color: rgb(62, 62, 62);"><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-indent: 2em;"><strong style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;">慈善、公益与社会工作的历史又是怎样的呢？</strong>通过追溯西方慈善发展的历史可以我们可以发现,慈善事业起源于奴隶社会,兴盛于封建社会,残存于资本主义社会。在慈善发展早期的社会中, 人们的贫穷、生病等情况不被视为整个社会的问题, 而是被看作个人由于能力等自身方面的原因所导致的。于是, 初期慈善面对的是解决一些个别性、非结构性的社会问题。19 世纪工业革命后，社会问题日益增多, 社会本身已提出对治理这些病态现象的责任要求。单靠慈善事业显然不能适应社会发展的客观要求, 需要有专业的知识和技能来解决这些社会问题。1893 年, 美国水牛城的慈善组织协会, 认为有必要找接受过特殊训练的人来承担“助人”的工作, 并以此工作为职业。各国由举办慈善学校进而创建社会工作专门学校或院系, 成为慈善事业转变为专业社会工作的标志。发展到这个时候, 慈善助人已趋向于专业化和职业化, 社会工作作为一门学科也开始逐渐发展起来。</p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-indent: 2em;">在追溯了历史之后我们可以发现<strong style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;">社会工作与慈善是互补的。</strong>第一，传统的慈善形式无法满足社会需求, 于是社会工作作为一种“科学化”了的慈善应运而生；第二，社会工作依靠其专业的方法支持了慈善工作更合理和有效的运作；第三, 社会工作是慈善“科学化”的有机组成部分, 它们各有特点, 各具优势。社会工作和公益经历了分离与汇合的过程，随着社会工作卷入精神分析的洪流之后，更多地从心理层面去关注个人的问题，因此在这一阶段其与公益逐渐分离。随着后现代主义和发展理论的兴起，社会工作重新将眼光放在了社会和社区层面，诞生了发展性社会工作和结构社会工作，又重新与公益汇合。</p></section><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;"><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section></section></section><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; justify-content: flex-start; display: flex; flex-flow: row nowrap;"><section style="padding-right: 15px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; width: 677px; vertical-align: top; align-self: flex-start; flex: 0 0 auto; line-height: 0;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="margin-top: -10px; margin-bottom: -2px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: right; justify-content: flex-end; display: flex; flex-flow: row nowrap; transform: translate3d(20px, 0px, 0px);"><section style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: auto; align-self: flex-start; flex: 0 0 auto; min-width: 5%; height: auto; line-height: 0;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; transform: translate3d(-1px, 0px, 0px);"><section style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; width: 20px; height: 9px; vertical-align: top; overflow: hidden; border-top: 1px solid rgb(226, 0, 0); border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(226, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(226, 0, 0); border-top-left-radius: 100px; border-bottom-left-radius: 101px;"><svg viewBox="0 0 1 1" style="float:left;line-height:0;width:0;vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section><section style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: auto; align-self: flex-start; flex: 0 0 auto; min-width: 5%; height: auto; line-height: 0;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; transform: translate3d(-1px, 0px, 0px);"><section style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; width: 20px; height: 9px; vertical-align: top; overflow: hidden; border-top: 1px solid rgb(226, 0, 0);"><svg viewBox="0 0 1 1" style="float:left;line-height:0;width:0;vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section></section><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; width: 662px; height: 8px; vertical-align: top; overflow: hidden; border-top: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(226, 0, 0); border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(226, 0, 0); border-top-right-radius: 100px; border-bottom-right-radius: 100px;"><svg viewBox="0 0 1 1" style="float:left;line-height:0;width:0;vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;"><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; justify-content: flex-start; display: flex; flex-flow: row nowrap;"><section style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; width: auto; align-self: flex-end; flex: 0 0 auto; min-width: 5%; height: auto;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;"><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify; font-size: 22px;"><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;">Part.</strong></p></section></section><section style="padding-left: 5px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; width: auto; align-self: flex-end; min-width: 5%; flex: 0 0 auto; height: auto;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 19px; text-align: center;"><section style="margin-right: auto; margin-left: auto; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(243, 198, 37); background-color: rgb(243, 198, 37); width: 1.8em; height: 1.8em; line-height: 1.8em; border-radius: 100%; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;">3</p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: center;"><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;">专业化社会工作在现代慈善、公益活动中的作用</strong></p></section><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; justify-content: flex-start; display: flex; flex-flow: row nowrap;"><section style="padding: 3px 10px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; width: 677px; vertical-align: top; align-self: flex-start; flex: 0 0 auto; background-color: rgba(255, 233, 233, 0.78);"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;"><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify; color: rgb(62, 62, 62);"><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-indent: 2em;">社会工作在现代慈善、公益活动中发挥着重大的作用, <strong style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;">专业化社会工作是如何对现代慈善活动产生作用的呢？</strong></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-indent: 2em;">第一，社会工作知识基础的建立和扩充, 客观上提升了慈善和公益事业整体的理论水平, 推动了慈善“科学化”发展的进程；</p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-indent: 2em;">第二，社会工作的个案小组社区等完备的方法体系使得慈善“科学化”得以更好地实施；</p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-indent: 2em;">第三，社会工作专业价值理念的引入形塑了慈善人员对案主和社会问题的看法；</p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-indent: 2em;">第四，社会工作拓宽了公益与慈善的领域，从而在更大的层面上促进公共利益。</p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-indent: 2em;">从保持慈善的本质之角度可以看到,社会工作的过度专业化所带来的危险。过度专业化之后，社会工作会与公益和慈善逐渐分离，社会工作应警觉自身脱离慈善本源的“异化”进程,通过各种去过度专业化的努力,来重新谋求与慈善的统一并更好地贡献于慈善事业。</p></section><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;"><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section></section></section><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; justify-content: flex-start; display: flex; flex-flow: row nowrap;"><section style="padding-right: 15px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; width: 677px; vertical-align: top; align-self: flex-start; flex: 0 0 auto; line-height: 0;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="margin-top: -10px; margin-bottom: -2px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: right; justify-content: flex-end; display: flex; flex-flow: row nowrap; transform: translate3d(20px, 0px, 0px);"><section style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: auto; align-self: flex-start; flex: 0 0 auto; min-width: 5%; height: auto; line-height: 0;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; transform: translate3d(-1px, 0px, 0px);"><section style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; width: 20px; height: 9px; vertical-align: top; overflow: hidden; border-top: 1px solid rgb(226, 0, 0); border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(226, 0, 0); border-left: 1px solid rgb(226, 0, 0); border-top-left-radius: 100px; border-bottom-left-radius: 101px;"><svg viewBox="0 0 1 1" style="float:left;line-height:0;width:0;vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section><section style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: auto; align-self: flex-start; flex: 0 0 auto; min-width: 5%; height: auto; line-height: 0;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; transform: translate3d(-1px, 0px, 0px);"><section style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; width: 20px; height: 9px; vertical-align: top; overflow: hidden; border-top: 1px solid rgb(226, 0, 0);"><svg viewBox="0 0 1 1" style="float:left;line-height:0;width:0;vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section></section><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; width: 662px; height: 8px; vertical-align: top; overflow: hidden; border-top: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); border-right: 1px solid rgb(226, 0, 0); border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(226, 0, 0); border-top-right-radius: 100px; border-bottom-right-radius: 100px;"><svg viewBox="0 0 1 1" style="float:left;line-height:0;width:0;vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;"><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; justify-content: flex-start; display: flex; flex-flow: row nowrap;"><section style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; width: auto; align-self: flex-end; flex: 0 0 auto; min-width: 5%; height: auto;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify; font-size: 22px;"><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;">Part.</strong></p></section></section><section style="padding-left: 5px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; width: auto; align-self: flex-end; min-width: 5%; flex: 0 0 auto; height: auto;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 19px; text-align: center;"><section style="margin-right: auto; margin-left: auto; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(243, 198, 37); background-color: rgb(243, 198, 37); width: 1.8em; height: 1.8em; line-height: 1.8em; border-radius: 100%; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;">4</p></section></section></section></section><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;"><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;"><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: center;"><strong style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;">重建社会工作与慈善、公益的有机关系</strong></p></section></section></section><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; justify-content: flex-start; display: flex; flex-flow: row nowrap;"><section style="padding: 3px 10px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; width: 677px; vertical-align: top; align-self: flex-start; flex: 0 0 auto; background-color: rgba(255, 233, 233, 0.78);"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify; color: rgb(62, 62, 62);"><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-indent: 2em;">社会工作过度专业化带来诸多不利影响, 重建社会工作与慈善、公益的有机关系在如今变得是十分重要的。<strong style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;">那么如何重建三者关系呢？</strong></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-indent: 2em;">一是慈善事业应主动寻求与社会工作相联系。慈善事业一路发展过来, 已逐渐体系化和组织化, 与早期独立的、个体化的慈善行为有很大的不同。这要求在救助资源的筹集、调动、分配和管理上都借鉴经济学、社会学、心理学、管理学等多门学科的理论知识, 掌握具体救助的一些更好的专业方法与技巧。</p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-indent: 2em;">二是公益事业应主动借助社会工作的理念、视角与方法。社会工作在近几十年来发展出了批判性社会工作、发展性社会工作和结构社会工作。这些社会工作的理论、知识和技能都非常有助于推动社会的变革和进步发展，从而更好的促进公共利益。</p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-indent: 2em;">三是社工应增强归家意识, 积极寻求与慈善、公益的对接。社会工作与慈善具有共同的救助目标, 本着对社会工作使命的理解, 社会工作的方法不应该受到心理学等学科和实证主义的局限。四是同时经济发展、社会和谐、学术自由, 为三者有机关系的重建创造条件。经济发展为它奠定物质的基础, 社会和谐为它提供政治的保障, 学术自由为它提供思想的氛围, 而这一切都源自于社会各界的共同努力。</p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-indent: 2em;"><br style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-indent: 2em;">在最后，得出的结论是<strong style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;">社会工作应该要去过度专业化, 重建三者的有机关系</strong>, 这需要公益、慈善、社会工作及其他社会各界充分认识三者的特点和作用, 一起致力于<strong style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;">谋求它们之间的融合与统一</strong>, 使这种有机的关系能够激发社会工作与慈善各自发挥出最大的作用, 共同推进助人事业的发展, 促进公共利益的发展，推动社会的成长进步。</p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><br></p></section></section></section><section data-author="Wxeditor"><article use="1" data-author="Wxeditor"><section><section><p style="line-height: 2em;"><br></p><p style="line-height: normal;"><strong><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 12px;">来源</span></strong><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 12px;">：中部善起</span><br></p></section></section></article></section><p style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);"> <strong>编辑</strong>：王科梅</span></p><section data-tools="135编辑器" data-id="93689" style="outline: 0px; 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