90%的校园欺凌本可预防,可是为何做不到?
<div class="wx_rich_media_content" id="jsWxContainer"><p style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; outline: 0px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; visibility: visible;" data-mpa-powered-by="yiban.io"><br></p><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; outline: 0px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; visibility: visible;"><span class="wxart_image" wx-style="display:inline-block;"></span></section><p style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; outline: 0px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); visibility: visible;"><span style="margin-bottom: 0em;outline: 0px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;font-family: -apple-system, "system-ui", Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(178, 178, 178);visibility: visible;"><strong style="margin-bottom: 0em; outline: 0px; 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0%;background-repeat: repeat;"><strong style="margin-bottom: 0em;outline: 0px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: left;visibility: visible;"><span style="margin-bottom: 0em;outline: 0px;line-height: 21.3333px;min-height: 0px;background-image: none;background-clip: border-box;background-size: auto;border-width: 0px;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(123, 12, 0);bottom: auto;height: auto;left: auto;max-height: none;min-width: 0px;top: auto;z-index: auto;visibility: visible;clear: none;text-align: justify;background-position: 0% 0%;background-repeat: repeat;"><strong style="margin-bottom: 0em;outline: 0px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: center;visibility: visible;"><span style="margin-bottom: 0em;outline: 0px;line-height: 21.3333px;min-height: 0px;background-image: none;background-clip: border-box;background-size: auto;border-width: 0px;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(123, 12, 0);bottom: auto;height: auto;left: auto;max-height: none;min-width: 0px;top: auto;z-index: 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auto;height: auto;left: auto;max-height: none;min-width: 0px;top: auto;z-index: auto;visibility: visible;clear: none;text-align: justify;background-position: 0% 0%;background-repeat: repeat;"><strong style="margin-bottom: 0em;outline: 0px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: left;visibility: visible;"><span style="margin-bottom: 0em;outline: 0px;line-height: 21.3333px;min-height: 0px;background-image: none;background-clip: border-box;background-size: auto;border-width: 0px;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(123, 12, 0);bottom: auto;height: auto;left: auto;max-height: none;min-width: 0px;top: auto;z-index: auto;visibility: visible;clear: none;text-align: justify;background-position: 0% 0%;background-repeat: repeat;"><strong style="margin-bottom: 0em;outline: 0px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: center;visibility: visible;"><span style="margin-bottom: 0em;outline: 0px;color: rgb(123, 12, 0);font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;line-height: 21.3333px;min-height: 0px;background-image: none;background-clip: border-box;background-size: auto;border-width: 0px;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(123, 12, 0);bottom: auto;height: auto;left: auto;max-height: none;min-width: 0px;top: auto;z-index: auto;visibility: visible;clear: none;background-position: 0% 0%;background-repeat: repeat;">▲ </span></strong></span></strong></span></strong></span></strong></span></strong></span></strong></span></strong></span></strong></span><span style="outline: 0px;visibility: visible;text-indent: 0em;text-align: center;color: rgb(178, 178, 178);font-size: 12px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-decoration-style: solid;text-decoration-color: rgb(178, 178, 178);"><span style="outline: 0px;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;text-align: left;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-decoration-style: solid;text-decoration-color: rgb(178, 178, 178);visibility: visible;"><span style="outline: 0px;text-align: center;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-decoration-style: solid;text-decoration-color: rgb(178, 178, 178);"><span style="text-align: left; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-decoration-style: solid; text-decoration-color: rgb(178, 178, 178);">2024年3月25日,在江苏南通如皋市九华镇九华初中,民警向学生们讲解防范校园欺凌知识。(人民视觉/ 图)</span></span></span></span></p><p style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; outline: 0px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); visibility: visible;"><br style="outline: 0px;visibility: visible;"></p><section style="margin-bottom: 0em; padding: 8px; outline: 0px; font-family: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-decoration: inherit; line-height: 25.6px; border-color: rgb(101, 0, 0); border-left-width: 6px; border-left-style: solid; visibility: visible;"><section style="margin-bottom: 0em;outline: 0px;visibility: visible;"><p style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;outline: 0px;visibility: visible;"><span style="margin-bottom: 0em; outline: 0px; visibility: visible;"><span style="margin-bottom: 0em;outline: 0px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-family: inherit;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-decoration: inherit;line-height: 1.4;visibility: visible;">全文共</span><span style="margin-bottom: 0em;outline: 0px;font-family: inherit;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-decoration: inherit;line-height: 1.4;visibility: visible;"><span style="color:#7b0c00;"><strong>5210</strong></span></span><span style="margin-bottom: 0em;outline: 0px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-family: inherit;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-decoration: inherit;line-height: 1.4;visibility: visible;">字,阅读大约需要</span><span style="margin-bottom: 0em;outline: 0px;font-family: inherit;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-decoration: inherit;line-height: 1.4;color: rgb(123, 12, 0);visibility: visible;"><strong style="outline: 0px;visibility: visible;">13</strong></span><span style="margin-bottom: 0em;outline: 0px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-family: inherit;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-decoration: inherit;line-height: 1.4;visibility: visible;">分钟</span></span></p></section></section><section style="margin-bottom: 0em; padding: 8px; outline: 0px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "system-ui", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); line-height: 25.6px; border-color: rgb(101, 0, 0); border-left-width: 6px; border-left-style: solid; visibility: visible;"><section style="margin-bottom: 0em;outline: 0px;visibility: visible;"><ul class="list-paddingleft-1" style="margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 0em;margin-left: 8px;padding-left: 1.5em;outline: 0px;width: 555.438px;font-family: inherit;list-style-type: none;visibility: visible;"><li style="outline: 0px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); visibility: visible;"><p style="outline: 0px;visibility: visible;"><span style="outline: 0px; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: normal; visibility: visible; text-decoration-style: solid; text-decoration-color: rgb(136, 136, 136);"><span style="outline: 0px;text-decoration-style: solid;text-decoration-color: rgb(136, 136, 136);visibility: visible;"><span style="outline: 0px;text-decoration-style: solid;text-decoration-color: rgb(136, 136, 136);visibility: visible;"><span style="outline: 0px;text-decoration-style: solid;text-decoration-color: rgb(136, 136, 136);"><span style="outline: 0px;text-decoration-style: solid;text-decoration-color: rgb(136, 136, 136);"><span style="outline: 0px;text-decoration-style: solid;text-decoration-color: rgb(136, 136, 136);"><span style="text-decoration-style: solid; text-decoration-color: rgb(136, 136, 136);"><span style="text-decoration-style: solid; text-decoration-color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">如果想要让老师更积极主动地介入校园欺凌问题,他们还需要更多支持。周奕认为,需要界定清楚老师的权限,他们也担心处理不好需要担责,此外,不能将欺凌事件与学校的考核挂钩。</span><br style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34);"><br style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34);"><span style="text-decoration-style: solid; text-decoration-color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">“如果大家认为欺凌是个丑事,还与考核挂钩,即使参与过培训,老师也不会将事情报出来,学校也不敢很透明地处理”。</span><br style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34);"><br style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34);"><span style="text-decoration-style: solid; text-decoration-color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">“校园欺凌治理最关键的问题不在于事后的治理,而在于预防。如果能做好预防工作,90%的欺凌就不存在了。”</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br style="outline: 0px;visibility: visible;"></span></p></li></ul><p style="outline: 0px;visibility: visible;"><br></p></section></section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; outline: 0px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "system-ui", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-indent: 0em; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); line-height: 1.6em; text-align: right; visibility: visible;"><br style="outline: 0px;"></section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; outline: 0px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "system-ui", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-indent: 0em; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); line-height: 1.6em; text-align: right; visibility: visible;"><strong style="outline: 0px;visibility: visible;"><span style="outline: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: normal; visibility: visible;">文</span></strong><strong style="outline: 0px;visibility: visible;"><span style="outline: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: normal; visibility: visible;">|<strong style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;text-decoration-style: solid;text-decoration-color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><strong style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;text-decoration-style: solid;text-decoration-color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><strong style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;text-decoration-style: solid;text-decoration-color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"></span></strong></span></strong></span></strong></span></strong><strong style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: normal; text-decoration-style: solid; text-decoration-color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"></span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: normal; text-decoration-style: solid; text-decoration-color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">南方周末记者 魏翠翠</span></strong></section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; outline: 0px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "system-ui", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-indent: 0em; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); line-height: 1.6em; text-align: right; visibility: visible;"><strong><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: normal; text-decoration-style: solid; text-decoration-color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">南方周末实习生 张烨静</span></strong><strong style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: 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letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-indent: 0em; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); line-height: 1.6em; text-align: right; visibility: visible;"><strong style="outline: 0px;"></strong><strong style="outline: 0px;"></strong><strong style="outline: 0px;"></strong><strong style="outline: 0px;"></strong><strong style="outline: 0px;visibility: visible;"></strong><strong style="outline: 0px;"></strong><strong style="outline: 0px;"></strong><strong style="outline: 0px;"></strong><strong style="outline: 0px;"></strong><strong style="outline: 0px;"></strong><strong style="outline: 0px;visibility: visible;"></strong><strong style="outline: 0px;"></strong><strong style="outline: 0px;"></strong><strong style="outline: 0px;"></strong><strong style="outline: 0px;visibility: visible;"></strong></section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; outline: 0px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-indent: 0em; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); line-height: 1.6em; text-align: right; visibility: visible;"><strong style="outline: 0px;visibility: visible;"><span style="outline: 0px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: normal; visibility: visible;">责任编辑|<strong style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;text-decoration-style: solid;text-decoration-color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><strong style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;text-decoration-style: solid;text-decoration-color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><strong style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;text-decoration-style: solid;text-decoration-color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><strong style="outline: 0px;"><span style="outline: 0px;text-decoration-style: solid;text-decoration-color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">钱炜</span></strong></span></strong></span></strong></span></strong></span></strong></section><p style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; outline: 0px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "system-ui", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.6em;"><span style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34);font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-indent: 0em;">黄亮在多年前遇到过一起校园欺凌事件。他是广东省佛山市南海区一所公办高中的生物老师,带的班里一名男生和一名女生因值日安排产生矛盾,事后,男生在微博上遭受了好几位匿名用户的攻击。第二天,双方在教室发生争吵,两人闹到学校德育处,德育处主任让双方详细写下事情经过,但女生否认这场网络攻击由她组织,而男生也缺乏具体证据,最终不了了之。</span><br></p><p style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; outline: 0px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "system-ui", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.6em;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: rgb(34, 34, 34);font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-indent: 0em;">此后,这名男生和班上同学的关系逐渐变得糟糕,独来独往,变得敏感,情绪也容易失控。这让黄亮感到,面对校园欺凌,学校与老师能做的太少了,换句话说,即使他想有所作为,也不知该从何下手。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; outline: 0px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "system-ui", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.6em;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: rgb(34, 34, 34);font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-indent: 0em;">黄亮的困惑很有代表性。根据中国目前的法律规定,学校被视为校园欺凌的责任主体。但实际上,在一些校园欺凌事件中,校方和老师并未能有效应对。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; outline: 0px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "system-ui", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.6em;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: rgb(34, 34, 34);font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-indent: 0em;">近日,教育部印发通知,决定从2024年3月25日起,组织开展“全国中小学生安全教育周”主题活动,其中包括校园暴力和欺凌防治的专题教育。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; outline: 0px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "system-ui", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.6em;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: rgb(34, 34, 34);font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-indent: 0em;">但一个仍有待讨论与探索的问题是,在校园生活中,学校和老师应如何做,才能有效预防和干预校园欺凌?</span></p><section style="outline: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.578px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 16px; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, Arial, sans-serif; visibility: visible;"><section style="outline: 0px;visibility: visible;"><section style="outline: 0px;visibility: visible;"><section style="margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 24px;margin-left: 8px;outline: 0px;visibility: visible;"><section style="padding-right: 2px;padding-bottom: 2px;padding-left: 2px;outline: 0px;font-family: inherit;text-decoration: inherit;display: inline-block;border-color: rgb(95, 1, 1);border-bottom-width: 2px;border-bottom-style: solid;line-height: 1;text-align: center;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);visibility: visible;"><section style="padding: 0.3em 0.4em;outline: 0px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;display: inline-block;min-width: 1.8em;min-height: 1.6em;border-radius: 80% 100% 90% 20%;line-height: 1;font-family: inherit;background-color: rgb(95, 1, 1);visibility: visible;"><section style="outline: 0px;visibility: visible;"><span style="outline: 0px;visibility: visible;">1</span></section></section><span style="margin-left: 0.4em;outline: 0px;display: inline-block;line-height: 1.4;text-decoration: inherit;color: rgb(95, 1, 1);visibility: visible;"><h4 style="outline: 0px;visibility: visible;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.578px;text-decoration: inherit;font-family: inherit;">更多隐性校园欺凌有待识别</strong></h4></span></section></section></section></section></section><p style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; outline: 0px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "system-ui", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.6em;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: rgb(34, 34, 34);font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-indent: 0em;">一些生活在北上广等大城市的人以为,校园欺凌主要发生于农村的留守儿童群体中,离自己很远。但根据中国青少年研究中心在2020—2022年间对3108名未成年学生的调研,53.5%的学生都遭受过校园欺凌。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; outline: 0px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "system-ui", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.6em;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: rgb(34, 34, 34);font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-indent: 0em;">最高检发布的报告则显示,在2018年1月至2019年10月的一年多时间内,全国检察机关共起诉校园暴力犯罪案件6926人。在这背后,是更多没有达到起诉标准的情节轻微的校园欺凌事件。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; outline: 0px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "system-ui", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.6em;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: rgb(34, 34, 34);font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-indent: 0em;">实际操作中,如何理解和界定欺凌,很多老师缺乏明晰的判断标准,这就导致很多校园欺凌事件并未被及时发现或识别。山东师范大学校园欺凌研究中心在2020年对山东省近200名教师进行调查发现,仅有8.5%的教师认为班级中存在欺凌事件。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; outline: 0px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "system-ui", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.6em;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: rgb(34, 34, 34);font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-indent: 0em;">如何界定校园欺凌?较早展开校园欺凌研究的挪威学者丹·奥维尤斯,在其《校园暴力:学生群体间的欺凌者和受害者》一书中如此定义:一名学生长时间且重复地暴露于一个或多个学生主导的“负性行为”之下,这种“负性行为”是某人通过身体接触、言语或其他方式故意对另一人造成伤害或不适。他的这一说法被世界各国广泛接受。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; outline: 0px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "system-ui", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.6em;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: rgb(34, 34, 34);font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-indent: 0em;">实际上,校园欺凌有多种表现形式,除了扇耳光、拳打脚踢、群殴这些比较显性的肢体欺凌,言语欺凌、社交欺凌、网络欺凌等隐蔽性较强的手段也很常见。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; outline: 0px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "system-ui", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.6em;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: rgb(34, 34, 34);font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-indent: 0em;">华中师范大学教育治理现代化课题组在2019—2020年间对中西部130多所中小学进行调研,样本涵盖一万余名学生,结果发现,言语欺凌的发生率为17.4%,高于身体欺凌的12.7%,而关系欺凌和网络欺凌发生率也有10.5%和6.8%。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; outline: 0px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "system-ui", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.6em;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: rgb(34, 34, 34);font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-indent: 0em;">值得注意的是,所有关于校园欺凌的论述,都将心理精神损害与身体伤害相提并论。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; outline: 0px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "system-ui", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.6em;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: rgb(34, 34, 34);font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-indent: 0em;">华南师范大学基础教育治理与创新研究中心研究员吴会会在2017年10月至2018年6月间,围绕校园欺凌,对中部某省5个县市30所中小学的153名教师进行了集体座谈和半结构化访谈。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; outline: 0px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "system-ui", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.6em;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: rgb(34, 34, 34);font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-indent: 0em;">她从一线老师处得到的反馈是,对一些明显的肢体欺凌,他们会介入制止,但其他类型的欺凌很难识别和发现,无从下手,特别是网络欺凌,超出他们的控制范围。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; outline: 0px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "system-ui", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.6em;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: rgb(34, 34, 34);font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-indent: 0em;">周奕是浙江省温州市一所公办高中的语文老师,从教14年的他担任过9年班主任。在他看来,欺凌的界定需要关注被欺凌者的感受,很考验老师的敏感性。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; outline: 0px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "system-ui", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.6em;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: rgb(34, 34, 34);font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-indent: 0em;">但面对校园欺凌,老师们准备好了吗?</span></p><p style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; outline: 0px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "system-ui", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.6em;"><span class="wxart_image" wx-style="display:inline-block;border-width: 0px;border-style: initial;border-color: initial;vertical-align: middle;width: auto !important;"></span><span style="outline: 0px;visibility: visible;text-indent: 0em;text-align: center;color: rgb(178, 178, 178);font-size: 12px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-decoration-style: solid;text-decoration-color: rgb(178, 178, 178);"><span style="outline: 0px;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;text-align: left;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-decoration-style: solid;text-decoration-color: rgb(178, 178, 178);visibility: visible;"><span style="outline: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-decoration-style: solid; text-decoration-color: rgb(178, 178, 178);">2022年夏天,温州,周奕为同学们讲校园欺凌相关知识。(受访者供图 / 图)</span></span></span></p><section style="letter-spacing: 0.578px; outline: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 16px; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, Arial, sans-serif; visibility: visible;"><section style="outline: 0px;visibility: visible;"><section style="outline: 0px;visibility: visible;"><section style="margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 24px;margin-left: 8px;outline: 0px;visibility: visible;"><section style="padding-right: 2px;padding-bottom: 2px;padding-left: 2px;outline: 0px;font-family: inherit;text-decoration: inherit;display: inline-block;border-color: rgb(95, 1, 1);border-bottom-width: 2px;border-bottom-style: solid;line-height: 1;text-align: center;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);visibility: visible;"><section style="padding: 0.3em 0.4em;outline: 0px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;display: inline-block;min-width: 1.8em;min-height: 1.6em;border-radius: 80% 100% 90% 20%;line-height: 1;font-family: inherit;background-color: rgb(95, 1, 1);visibility: visible;"><section style="outline: 0px;visibility: visible;"><span style="outline: 0px;visibility: visible;">2</span></section></section><span style="margin-left: 0.4em;outline: 0px;display: inline-block;line-height: 1.4;text-decoration: inherit;color: rgb(95, 1, 1);visibility: visible;"><h4 style="outline: 0px;visibility: visible;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.578px;text-decoration: inherit;font-family: inherit;">紧急的是培训一线老师</strong></h4></span></section></section></section></section></section><p style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; outline: 0px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "system-ui", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.6em;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: rgb(34, 34, 34);font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-indent: 0em;">根据周奕观察,当欺凌出现后,很多老师要么<span style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;">在</span>和学生打交道过程中摸索经验,要么模仿学习其他老师的做法,“没有特别标准或科学的一套东西,说白了,没有专业技能”。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; outline: 0px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "system-ui", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.6em;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: rgb(34, 34, 34);font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-indent: 0em;">吴会会也发现,“有的老师可能只知道校园欺凌的定义,胡子眉毛一把抓,缺乏具体事件评估和处理的专业知识”。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; outline: 0px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "system-ui", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.6em;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: rgb(34, 34, 34);font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-indent: 0em;">周奕解释,在他们还在师范院校读书时,课程与教材中都没有校园欺凌的相关内容。“我们学过心理学,还有班主任工作的内容,但却没学过如何处理欺凌。”</span></p><p style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; outline: 0px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "system-ui", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.6em;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: rgb(34, 34, 34);font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-indent: 0em;">华东师范大学法学院教授任海涛从2016年开始研究校园欺凌防治,著有《校园欺凌法治研究》一书。他指出,大部分校长和老师都将关注点放在学习成绩上,而将校园欺凌防治在内的学生保护工作置于次要地位,学校也缺乏对教师的有效培训。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; outline: 0px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "system-ui", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.6em;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: rgb(34, 34, 34);font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-indent: 0em;">黄亮的学校每月会请专家开讲座,但只是偶尔在心理主题的讲座中涉及一点点校园欺凌内容,主要是强调老师要提高意识,防止出现极端情况。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; outline: 0px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "system-ui", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.6em;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: rgb(34, 34, 34);font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-indent: 0em;">他在2020年上半年带高二年级的生物课时,发现一名女生上课总是犯困,情绪低落,沟通数次后才了解了原委。这名女生长相较好,成绩一般,性格内向,在班上几乎没什么朋友。她被同学造谣说与男生交朋友,谣言最初在班上传,后来扩大至其他班,还有别的班男生专门来他们教室前看她。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; outline: 0px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "system-ui", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.6em;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: rgb(34, 34, 34);font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-indent: 0em;">黄亮试图找到造谣者,但那名女生担心找到他们又有新一轮谣言。在没有进一步处理的情况下,她最终在高三时陷入抑郁,休学一年。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; outline: 0px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "system-ui", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.6em;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: rgb(34, 34, 34);font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-indent: 0em;">多位受访者都告诉南方周末记者,目前最紧要且能很快见效的应对措施,就是培训教师,特别是一线教师。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; outline: 0px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "system-ui", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.6em;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: rgb(34, 34, 34);font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-indent: 0em;">吴会会建议,可以在全国中小学开展面向学校管理者与教师的专项教育。通过典型案例分析与指导范本来提升他们的技能;对学校管理者来说,则侧重于增强他们对校园欺凌的重视,比如反欺凌的制度建设和组织建设,他们还可根据学校的实际情况采用一些反欺凌工具。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; outline: 0px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "system-ui", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.6em;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: rgb(34, 34, 34);font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-indent: 0em;">任海涛了解到,已有地区对校领导、欺凌专员、班主任开展分层次培训。该地区的计划是,为每所学校配备一位精通欺凌防治工作的专员,并各区县培养种子选手,由他们负责本地区学校专员的培训。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; outline: 0px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "system-ui", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.6em;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: rgb(34, 34, 34);font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-indent: 0em;">实际上,教育部基础教育司曾在2018年4月发布《防治中小学生欺凌和暴力指导手册》,提出从预防、发生、应对到善后的应对体系。吴会会说,虽然手册具备较高的可操作性,但目前并未被大范围应用。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; outline: 0px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "system-ui", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.6em;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: rgb(34, 34, 34);font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-indent: 0em;">对此,她解释,这可能由于学校对防治校园欺凌政策的执行力度不够。目前相关校园培训还不成熟,循环性、系统性的培训更是非常有限,类似指导手册或相关防治指南的宣传推广也有待加强。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; outline: 0px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "system-ui", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.6em;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: rgb(34, 34, 34);font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-indent: 0em;">另一个培训的突破口是新教师培训。周奕注意到,这两年,中小学的新教师培训中会涉及防性侵,但几乎还没有防欺凌的内容。</span></p><section style="letter-spacing: 0.578px; outline: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 16px; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, Arial, sans-serif; visibility: visible;"><section style="outline: 0px;visibility: visible;"><section style="outline: 0px;visibility: visible;"><section style="margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 24px;margin-left: 8px;outline: 0px;visibility: visible;"><section style="padding-right: 2px;padding-bottom: 2px;padding-left: 2px;outline: 0px;font-family: inherit;text-decoration: inherit;display: inline-block;border-color: rgb(95, 1, 1);border-bottom-width: 2px;border-bottom-style: solid;line-height: 1;text-align: center;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);visibility: visible;"><section style="padding: 0.3em 0.4em;outline: 0px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;display: inline-block;min-width: 1.8em;min-height: 1.6em;border-radius: 80% 100% 90% 20%;line-height: 1;font-family: inherit;background-color: rgb(95, 1, 1);visibility: visible;"><section style="outline: 0px;visibility: visible;"><span style="outline: 0px;visibility: visible;">3</span></section></section><span style="margin-left: 0.4em;outline: 0px;display: inline-block;line-height: 1.4;text-decoration: inherit;color: rgb(95, 1, 1);visibility: visible;"><h4 style="outline: 0px;visibility: visible;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.578px;text-decoration: inherit;font-family: inherit;">“做好预防,90%的欺凌就不存在了”</strong></h4></span></section></section></section></section></section><p style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; outline: 0px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "system-ui", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.6em;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: rgb(34, 34, 34);font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-indent: 0em;">“校园欺凌治理最关键的问题不在于事后的治理,而在于预防。如果能做好预防工作,90%的欺凌就不存在了。”任海涛强调。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; outline: 0px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "system-ui", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.6em;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: rgb(34, 34, 34);font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-indent: 0em;">作为一线教师,周奕的感受是,等欺凌发生后再去处理其实为时晚矣,老师也很被动。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; outline: 0px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "system-ui", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.6em;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: rgb(34, 34, 34);font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-indent: 0em;">其实,国家从2016年以来陆续出台不少防治校园欺凌的政策文件,还在2021年开展过防范中小学生欺凌专项治理行动。各地也在陆续跟进,发布了相关地方性法规。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; outline: 0px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "system-ui", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.6em;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: rgb(34, 34, 34);font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-indent: 0em;">比如,根据广东省2018年发布的欺凌综合治理方案的实施办法,“起绰号”属于较轻的校园欺凌行为,“网络曝光图片”则被归为影响较大的校园行为,还规定,欺凌严重者可作退学、开除学籍处理。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; outline: 0px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "system-ui", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.6em;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: rgb(34, 34, 34);font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-indent: 0em;">吴会会认为,这些政策文件都鲜明地表达国家和各地治理校园欺凌的决心,会对学生起到一个震慑教育的作用。但在实践层面,关注点依然集中在事后处理,然而,校园欺凌是一个累积的过程,如果事前的教育防范不够,那只是治标不治本。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; outline: 0px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "system-ui", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.6em;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: rgb(34, 34, 34);font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-indent: 0em;">但目前的预防工作还远远不够。周奕举例,浙江的大部分高中会在学生入学时举办一场普法讲座,涉及欺凌的形式及危害,但内容比较浅显。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; outline: 0px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "system-ui", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.6em;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: rgb(34, 34, 34);font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-indent: 0em;">周奕早年就参加过多次反欺凌培训,在担任班主任时教授相关课程。他的课程中很重要的一项内容是如何避免成为欺凌者,因为他发现很多欺凌者仅是因为无聊或者精力无处发泄。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; outline: 0px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "system-ui", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.6em;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: rgb(34, 34, 34);font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-indent: 0em;">这样的课程一般需要五六个课时,但如今不再担任班主任的他现在只能利用偶尔的讲座,或是自己的语文课来穿插讲解。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; outline: 0px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "system-ui", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.6em;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: rgb(34, 34, 34);font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-indent: 0em;">上完课后,他感受到一些直观变化。以前,班上有的同学喜欢开玩笑,嘲笑某个男生“娘”,但他将相关行为界定清楚,让学生们意识到其中的侮辱意味后,学生便不再开这种玩笑。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; outline: 0px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "system-ui", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.6em;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: rgb(34, 34, 34);font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-indent: 0em;">在《防治中小学生欺凌和暴力指导手册》中有个典型案例:初三的几名男生开始流行相互摸对方的下体,并比较生殖器的大小。班里有学生感到不舒服,向班主任老师报告了此事。但班主任认为这只是男生间常见的嬉闹行为,简单提醒后并没有积极介入处理,也没有对全班学生进行性知识教育。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; outline: 0px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "system-ui", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.6em;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: rgb(34, 34, 34);font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-indent: 0em;">几天后的一次化学实验课之后,这几名学生争论生殖器大小与身高的关系,将班里的一名同学拦下留在教室,锁上屋门,强行脱掉该同学的裤子查看其生殖器。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; outline: 0px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "system-ui", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.6em;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: rgb(34, 34, 34);font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-indent: 0em;">任海涛指出,这个事情一开始不是“典型的欺凌”,而是出现了“欺凌苗头”,但老师没有重视并有效处理,最后演变成为欺凌事件。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; outline: 0px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "system-ui", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.6em;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: rgb(34, 34, 34);font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-indent: 0em;">如果想要让老师更积极主动地介入校园欺凌问题,他们还需要更多支持。周奕认为,需要界定清楚老师的权限,他们也担心处理不好需要担责,此外,不能将欺凌事件与学校的考核挂钩。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; outline: 0px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "system-ui", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.6em;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: rgb(34, 34, 34);font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-indent: 0em;">“学校需要相信和支持老师,不能因为家长的投诉,不调查就直接处理老师,要保障老师的基本权益。”黄亮补充。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; outline: 0px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "system-ui", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.6em;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: rgb(34, 34, 34);font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-indent: 0em;">另外,周奕建议提供更多第三方咨询机构的支持,比如驻校社工等等,因为有的欺凌处于隐蔽状态,需要让学生觉得安全的第三方来帮助他。“做好预防,不是说学校从此没有欺凌,而是我们在应对和处理上可能不那么被动,也能将很多问题解决在初起状态。”</span></p><p style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; outline: 0px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "system-ui", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.6em;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: rgb(34, 34, 34);font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-indent: 0em;">任海涛也表示,每个班每学期应该有一两次以校园欺凌为主题的班会课。他和团队也在一些地区寻找试点学校,在每个班找两名同学作为志愿者,协助老师宣传防治校园欺凌的知识。他发现,经过宣传,学生对欺凌变得敏感,看到有人恶作剧,比如将水倒入他人书包,目睹的同学站出来告诉老师,其他同学也会阻止。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; outline: 0px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "system-ui", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.6em;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: rgb(34, 34, 34);font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-indent: 0em;">周奕感慨,在校园欺凌这件事上,自己这么多年最大的进步是学会主动预防以及变得更为敏锐。如今,他很容易通过学生的上课表现、情绪变化判断出是否被欺凌,也会主动找学生聊天,询问是否需要帮助。</span></p><section style="letter-spacing: 0.578px; outline: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 16px; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, Arial, sans-serif; visibility: visible;"><section style="outline: 0px;visibility: visible;"><section style="outline: 0px;visibility: visible;"><section style="margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 24px;margin-left: 8px;outline: 0px;visibility: visible;"><section style="padding-right: 2px;padding-bottom: 2px;padding-left: 2px;outline: 0px;font-family: inherit;text-decoration: inherit;display: inline-block;border-color: rgb(95, 1, 1);border-bottom-width: 2px;border-bottom-style: solid;line-height: 1;text-align: center;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);visibility: visible;"><section style="padding: 0.3em 0.4em;outline: 0px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;display: inline-block;min-width: 1.8em;min-height: 1.6em;border-radius: 80% 100% 90% 20%;line-height: 1;font-family: inherit;background-color: rgb(95, 1, 1);visibility: visible;"><section style="outline: 0px;visibility: visible;"><span style="outline: 0px;visibility: visible;">4</span></section></section><span style="margin-left: 0.4em;outline: 0px;display: inline-block;line-height: 1.4;text-decoration: inherit;color: rgb(95, 1, 1);visibility: visible;"><h4 style="outline: 0px;visibility: visible;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.578px;text-decoration: inherit;font-family: inherit;">不能将校园欺凌与学校考核挂钩</strong></h4></span></section></section></section></section></section><p style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; outline: 0px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "system-ui", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.6em;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: rgb(34, 34, 34);font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-indent: 0em;">当依靠老师的力量还难以解决这一问题时,学校层面的学生欺凌治理委员会就格外重要。周奕告诉南方周末记者,学校大部分老师并不知晓学生欺凌治理委员会的存在。但他之前整理过学校台账,发现台账中其实包含这一项。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; outline: 0px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "system-ui", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.6em;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: rgb(34, 34, 34);font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-indent: 0em;">“很多地方的教育管理部门将严重的校园欺凌与安全事件挂钩,影响学校的考核结果”,周奕解释,如果计入台账,学校可能因此被降级,那学校自然不愿走规范化的处理流程,而倾向于大事化小,小事化了。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; outline: 0px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "system-ui", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.6em;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: rgb(34, 34, 34);font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-indent: 0em;">吴会会则指出,很多学校尚未设立学生欺凌委员会;即使有,也只是挂上不同的名称,实际上依然是学校的德育处。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; outline: 0px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "system-ui", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.6em;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: rgb(34, 34, 34);font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-indent: 0em;">关于成立学生欺凌委员会,教育部曾有明确要求。2017年11月,教育部等十一部门印发《加强中小学生欺凌综合治理方案》,其中明确,校园欺凌的处置以学校为主。此外,方案还要求学校根据实际成立由校长负责,教师、社区工作者和家长代表、校外专家等人员组成的学生欺凌治理委员会。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; outline: 0px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "system-ui", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.6em;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: rgb(34, 34, 34);font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-indent: 0em;">任海涛表示,委员会的外部专家应包含法律人员、教育专家和心理老师等。欺凌事件发生后,轻微欺凌由班主任处置;较严重欺凌由委员会处置;特别严重的就要向上级部门进行报告,并按照相关规定给予处罚,还需为双方进行相应的心理辅导。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; outline: 0px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "system-ui", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.6em;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: rgb(34, 34, 34);font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-indent: 0em;">某知情人士透露,上海中小学目前基本都设立了学生欺凌治理委员会。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; outline: 0px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "system-ui", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.6em;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: rgb(34, 34, 34);font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-indent: 0em;">上海市教委和上海市人民检察院编写的《中小学生欺凌防治指导手册(修订版)》也在2023年4月发布。而早在2018年7月,上海市教育局官网就公布了各区中小学生欺凌防治工作机构和办公电话。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; outline: 0px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "system-ui", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.6em;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: rgb(34, 34, 34);font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-indent: 0em;">任海涛透露,相关部门正在推进《<未成年人学校保护规定>工作指南》的制定工作,这会给学校更为详细的指导,他还建议将学校是否设置欺凌治理制度和学生欺凌委员会纳入教育督导范围,以此督促学校更好落实。任海涛表示,该指南将率先在试点学校适用,在此基础上向全国推广。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; outline: 0px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "system-ui", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.6em;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: rgb(34, 34, 34);font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-indent: 0em;">在周奕看来,最重要的是改变全社会尤其是教育主管部门对于欺凌的认知,“如果大家认为欺凌是个丑事,还与学校考核挂钩,即使参与过培训,老师也不会将事情报出来,学校也不敢透明地处理”。 </span></p><p style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; outline: 0px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "system-ui", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.6em;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: rgb(34, 34, 34);font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-indent: 0em;">除了培训老师和学校管理者,周奕觉得,家长也有必要接受培训。此前,温州有一位小学生遭遇了校园欺凌,眼球被扎破,家长冲到学校杀了欺凌者。在培训中,周奕以此事举例,结果发现很多家长也不知道如何处理这类事情。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; outline: 0px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "system-ui", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.6em;"><span style="outline: 0px;color: rgb(34, 34, 34);font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-indent: 0em;">“如果老师有经验,也可以主动引导家长改变家庭教育方式。”任海涛补充。多位受访者最后指出,虽然学校是校园欺凌的发生地与治理抓手,但成长环境与家庭教育才是导致校园欺凌的根源。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; outline: 0px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, "system-ui", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.6em;"><span style="outline: 0px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-indent: 0em;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 15px;">(涂远浩对本文亦有贡献。应受访者要求,周奕、黄亮为化名。)</span></p><p style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; outline: 0px; text-indent: 0em; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); line-height: 1.6em; visibility: visible; text-align: center;"><br></p><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-left: 8px; outline: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; caret-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); text-size-adjust: inherit; font-family: 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