校园欺凌问题为何难以解决，学校、家庭、社区各要做什么？
<div class="wx_rich_media_content" id="jsWxContainer"><section style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16px;"><section style="text-align: center;justify-content: center;margin: 10px 8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 76%;vertical-align: top;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;text-align: left;justify-content: flex-start;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: auto;line-height: 0;flex: 0 0 0%;height: auto;align-self: flex-start;margin-right: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 10px;height: 10px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;border-style: solid;border-width: 5px 0px 0px 5px;border-radius: 47px 0px 0px;border-color: rgb(102, 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5px;border-radius: 47px 0px 0px;border-color: rgb(102, 117, 149) rgb(62, 62, 62) rgb(62, 62, 62) rgb(102, 117, 149);box-sizing: border-box;"><section><svg viewBox="0 0 1 1" style="float:left;line-height:0;width:0;vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section><section style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 10px;height: 10px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(102, 117, 149);box-sizing: border-box;"><section><svg viewBox="0 0 1 1" style="float:left;line-height:0;width:0;vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: left;justify-content: flex-start;margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 4px;margin-left: 0%;transform: translate3d(-10px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 92px;vertical-align: top;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="transform: rotateZ(315deg);-webkit-transform: rotateZ(315deg);-moz-transform: rotateZ(315deg);-o-transform: rotateZ(315deg);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="background-color: rgb(231, 217, 203);height: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section><svg viewBox="0 0 1 1" style="float:left;line-height:0;width:0;vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 15px;color: rgb(102, 117, 149);line-height: 1.8;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;letter-spacing: 1px;padding-right: 22px;padding-left: 22px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">一些恶性欺凌事件通常是由于没有得到恰当、有效地干预处置，发展演化成最后的结果，因此早期干预至关重要。</p></section></section><section style="text-align: right;justify-content: 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center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 10px;height: 10px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(102, 117, 149);box-sizing: border-box;"><section><svg viewBox="0 0 1 1" style="float:left;line-height:0;width:0;vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: auto;line-height: 0;flex: 0 0 0%;height: auto;align-self: flex-start;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 10px;height: 10px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;border-style: solid;border-width: 5px 0px 0px 5px;border-radius: 47px 0px 0px;border-color: rgb(102, 117, 149) rgb(62, 62, 62) rgb(62, 62, 62) rgb(102, 117, 149);box-sizing: border-box;"><section><svg viewBox="0 0 1 1" style="float:left;line-height:0;width:0;vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section><section style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 10px;height: 10px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(102, 117, 149);box-sizing: border-box;"><section><svg viewBox="0 0 1 1" style="float:left;line-height:0;width:0;vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;"><br></section><section style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;"><span class="wxart_image" wx-style="display:inline-block;font-size: var(--articleFontsize);letter-spacing: 0.034em;text-wrap: wrap;text-align: center;width: 100%;height: auto;"></span></section><section style="margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;"><br></section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;letter-spacing: 0.034em;">针对校园欺凌问题，中国心理学会校园欺凌与暴力防治专业委员会主任、山东师范大学校园欺凌研究中心主任张文新带领的团队做了持续的调查，结果显示，近二十年来中国的校园霸凌发生率有所上升。</span></section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">1999年，张文新团队对山东、河北9000余名的中小学生调查发现，有19.0%的中小学生卷入欺凌事件。其中14.9%的中小学生会受到他人欺凌；2.5%的中小学生会欺凌他人；1.6%的中小学生既会受到他人欺凌又会欺凌他人。</span></section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">2020年，山东师范大学校园欺凌研究中心再次展开调查，结果显示，北京、天津、江苏、浙江、山东、黑龙江、贵州、甘肃8个省（市）14598名中小学生中，23.0%的中小学生会卷入欺凌事件，受欺凌者占19.9%，欺凌者0.8%，同时是欺凌者和受欺凌者的占2.3%。</span></section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">国务院教育督导委员会办公室2019年发布的一组数据显示，2018年4月至12月，媒体报道学生欺凌事件80起，一般伤害事件53起，严重伤害事件10起，致死事件17起。</span></section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br></span></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16px;"><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="font-size: 18px;letter-spacing: 3px;line-height: 1.8;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: center;text-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 1px 1px, rgb(0, 0, 0) 1px -1px, rgb(0, 0, 0) -1px 1px, rgb(0, 0, 0) -1px -1px, rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 1.4px, rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px -1.4px, rgb(0, 0, 0) -1.4px 0px, rgb(0, 0, 0) 1.4px 0px, rgb(248, 202, 44) 0px 3px, rgb(0, 0, 0) 1px 4px, rgb(0, 0, 0) 1px 2px, rgb(0, 0, 0) -1px 4px, rgb(0, 0, 0) -1px 2px, rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 4.4px, rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 1.6px, rgb(0, 0, 0) -1.4px 3px, rgb(0, 0, 0) 1.4px 3px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 8px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">为何难以解决？</em></strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 8px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br></em></strong></section></section></section></section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">张文新告诉记者，与二十年前相比，校园欺凌发生率略有上升。<strong>一些恶性欺凌事件通常是由于没有得到恰当、有效地干预处置，发展演化成最后的结果。</strong></span></section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">他同时指出，有一个新的变化是，随着互联网的普及，网络欺凌成为校园欺凌的主要形式之一，青少年借助于电子通信技术（如群聊、文本信息、社交网站）来实施欺凌的行为，比如通过网络散播谣言、在网络上发布恶意的信息或发布诋毁他人的图片来伤害他人。<strong>“由于网络欺凌的匿名性、受众范围更广且传播难以控制等特征，它会造成更难以估量的伤害。”</strong></span></section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">2020年调查样本里的2859个家庭中，362名学生曾遭受欺凌，其中仅99名学生的家长怀疑或发现孩子曾遭受欺凌。另一方面，2.7%的孩子曾欺凌过他人，但<strong>绝大多数家长对于自己孩子的欺凌行为并不知情。</strong></span></section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">山东师范大学校园欺凌研究中心对山东省近200名教师进行调查，发现仅有8.5%的教师认为班级中存在欺凌事件。教师的反欺凌态度较为积极，但普遍缺乏应对校园欺凌的效能感。<strong>75.2%的教师认为处理班级中的欺凌事件存在困难，63.0%的教师认为管理受欺凌者的行为存在困难，72.3%的教师认为管理欺凌者的行为存在困难。</strong></span></section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">中国心理学会校园欺凌与暴力防治专业委员会委员、山东师范大学心理学院教授陈光辉表示，家长普遍具有积极的反欺凌态度，并愿意采取措施应对欺凌，但是也有少部分家长可能选择不恰当的干预策略，比如鼓励孩子打回去，或者对孩子的欺凌、受欺凌经历置之不理。</span></section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><span class="wxart_image" wx-style="display:inline-block;letter-spacing: 0.578px;text-align: center;text-wrap: wrap;width: 100%;height: auto;"></span></span></section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br></span></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16px;"><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="font-size: 18px;letter-spacing: 3px;line-height: 1.8;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: center;text-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 1px 1px, rgb(0, 0, 0) 1px -1px, rgb(0, 0, 0) -1px 1px, rgb(0, 0, 0) -1px -1px, rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 1.4px, rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px -1.4px, rgb(0, 0, 0) -1.4px 0px, rgb(0, 0, 0) 1.4px 0px, rgb(248, 202, 44) 0px 3px, rgb(0, 0, 0) 1px 4px, rgb(0, 0, 0) 1px 2px, rgb(0, 0, 0) -1px 4px, rgb(0, 0, 0) -1px 2px, rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 4.4px, rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 1.6px, rgb(0, 0, 0) -1.4px 3px, rgb(0, 0, 0) 1.4px 3px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 8px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">如何干预？</em></strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 8px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br></em></strong></section></section></section></section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">在反校园欺凌问题上，一些国家如挪威、英国、芬兰、澳大利亚等明确规定学校中必须有完善的反欺凌措施。张文新认为，中国也需要有一套合理依据、成熟、经过严格循证检验的校园欺凌防治方案。</span></section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">为此，张文新带领团队基于科学原理并经循证检验，研发了中国3H校园欺凌预防干预方案（简称3H方案），其中的措施包括建立学校反欺凌机构、畅通反欺凌报告渠道、加强监控，以及通过教师培训、反欺凌课程增加全校师生应对欺凌的知识技能等。</span></section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">学校情境下发生在学生之间的一般欺凌事件，3H方案采用基于心理辅导的干预技术。其结果显示，对于学校情境中，<strong>特别是年龄较小或小学阶段的欺凌者，经过干预后，绝大多数能够终止自身欺凌行为。相比之下，中学阶段的欺凌问题可能更加顽固，需要在心理辅导谈话外，辅以其他行为矫治训练等，也需要相对更长一点时间、更多次的心理辅导干预。</strong></span></section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;"><strong><span style="font-size: 15px;">少数情节恶劣的严重欺凌事件中的欺凌者或长期实施欺凌的欺凌者，往往有一定心理病理问题，则需要专业机构介入实施干预。</span></strong><span style="font-size: 15px;"></span></section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">3H方案在济南市16所学校实施基于心理辅导的谈话干预方法，共处理了181起欺凌事件，涉及203名受欺凌者和146名欺凌者。根据方案内容，在收到欺凌事件报告后，首先由学校反欺凌协调委员会进行核实，一经核实，安排学校中经过专业化培训的反欺凌骨干老师实施基于心理辅导的干预。</span></section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">中国心理学会校园欺凌与暴力防治专业委员会委员、山东师范大学校园欺凌研究中心副主任纪林芹介绍，心理辅导干预包括与受欺凌者、欺凌者的心理辅导谈话。与受欺凌者谈话是为了了解欺凌事件，为受欺凌者提供安慰、支持和帮助；与欺凌者谈话则是要传递受欺凌的感受，尽力引发和培养共情，并告诉他们欺凌别人的严重后果，促使其行为改变。</span></section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">对受欺凌者和欺凌者的心理辅导需有跟踪。张文新表示，这个环节非常重要。跟踪辅导谈话应该有固定频率和间隔期，在第一次辅导谈话后就和学生约定1周后同一时间再次见面谈话。跟踪谈话的内容包括确认欺凌事件进展、是否停止或减少欺凌行为。如果欺凌事件尚未停止，则需要与受欺凌者、欺凌者进行第二次辅导谈话，直至欺凌行为显著减少、受欺凌者的感受明显改善。</span></section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">张文新团队发现，3H方案实施一年后，样本中欺凌、受欺凌发生率下降超过50%。在教师与受欺凌者、欺凌者进行一到两次谈话后，79.3%的欺凌事件停止，17.3%的欺凌事件发生频率得以降低，仅3.5%的学生报告欺凌者的欺凌行为仍持续存在。</span></section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><span class="wxart_image" wx-style="display:inline-block;letter-spacing: 0.578px;text-align: center;text-wrap: wrap;width: 100%;height: auto;"></span></span></section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br></span></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16px;"><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="font-size: 18px;letter-spacing: 3px;line-height: 1.8;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: center;text-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 1px 1px, rgb(0, 0, 0) 1px -1px, rgb(0, 0, 0) -1px 1px, rgb(0, 0, 0) -1px -1px, rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 1.4px, rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px -1.4px, rgb(0, 0, 0) -1.4px 0px, rgb(0, 0, 0) 1.4px 0px, rgb(248, 202, 44) 0px 3px, rgb(0, 0, 0) 1px 4px, rgb(0, 0, 0) 1px 2px, rgb(0, 0, 0) -1px 4px, rgb(0, 0, 0) -1px 2px, rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 4.4px, rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 1.6px, rgb(0, 0, 0) -1.4px 3px, rgb(0, 0, 0) 1.4px 3px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 8px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">学校、家庭、社区如何联动？</em></strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 8px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br></em></strong></section></section></section></section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;"><strong><span style="font-size: 15px;">“科学认识和理解，是启动校园欺凌预防干预的前提。”</span></strong><span style="font-size: 15px;">纪林芹说，当前教师及家长对校园欺凌仍存在很多认识误区，比如在面临具体欺凌事件时，会认为“没什么大不了”“小打小闹”“欺凌是成长的一部分”等，这反映了教师和家长缺乏对校园欺凌的识别能力，也没有认识到欺凌的严重危害性。</span></section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">从概念上说，欺凌是指力量（身体、人数）相对较强的一方蓄意（或恶意）伤害力量较弱的一方的行为。欺凌具有3个核心特征：一是不同于同学间的玩闹，具有蓄意伤害性，欺凌者故意实施攻击，致使受欺凌者受到伤害；二是力量不均衡性，欺凌者可能具有年龄、身材、心理、人数或同伴地位上的优势，受欺凌者在遭受欺凌后难以反抗；三是重复发生性，在一段时间内，欺凌者会经常欺凌他人，受欺凌者经常遭受他人欺凌。</span></section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">在张文新看来，学校作为学生最主要的学习生活的场所，是防治欺凌的主战场，需要建立起一套校园欺凌预防干预体系。老师是校园欺凌防治的主体力量。当前老师普遍缺乏有效的欺凌问题解决技能，在面临欺凌事件时缺乏处理的效能感。他建议，要加强校园欺凌预防干预方法技能培训。</span></section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">欺凌事件的发生，与学校、家庭及社区乃至社会环境因素有关，其解决过程亦需要这些环境系统参与，建立起学校、家庭、社区的有效协同联动机制。</span></section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">张文新认为，对于学校、家庭、社区的联动，应该由学校发挥主体作用，在校内建立起系统性欺凌预防干预方案，以及与家庭、社区（包括公安等机构）的协同机制等。</span></section><section style="margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 8px; line-height: 1.75em;"><strong><span style="font-size: 15px;">“具体而言，家庭需为孩子成长营造良好的教养环境，在日常生活中培养孩子社交技能，及时了解孩子的日常学习情况和同伴交往情况，防止孩子卷入欺凌。社区应提升全社区的反欺凌意识，重点监控社区中可能发生欺凌的场所，及时报告发生在社区中的欺凌事件。”</span></strong><span style="font-size: 15px;">张文新说。</span></section><section style="letter-spacing: 0.578px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);outline: 0px;font-size: 12px;">作者：温如军</span></section><section style="letter-spacing: 0.578px; line-height: 1.75em; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);outline: 0px;font-size: 12px;">图片来源：视觉中国</span></section><section style="letter-spacing: 0.578px; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Arial, sans-serif; outline: 0px;"><section style="outline: 0px;"><section style="outline: 0px;color: rgb(34, 34, 34);font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;caret-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);"><section style="outline: 0px;line-height: 1.75em;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><section 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