捐赠市场尚待激发，公益慈善组织如何胜任乡村振兴新要求？
<div style="max-width:677px !important;"><section style="font-size: 15px;font-family: PingFangSC-light;line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 1px;padding: 0px 15px;box-sizing: border-box;font-style: normal;font-weight: 400;text-align: justify;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><br></section><section style="margin: 0px 0% 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);padding: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="line-height: 1.8;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"> 导读： </strong></p></section><section style="margin: 5px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="font-size: 13px;color: rgb(107, 107, 107);line-height: 1.8;padding: 0px 15px;font-family: PingFangSC-light;letter-spacing: 0.8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">2020年，中国GDP总值101.6万亿元，与此相比，慈善捐赠资金占比不足0.04%；2020年，中央政府为抗疫发行10000亿元特别国债，与之相比，全国的抗疫慈善捐赠不足4%。</span><span style="font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 0.8px;box-sizing: border-box;">今年2月，由盖茨基金会支持北京师范大学、北京大学等高校的专家团队发布的《中国公众捐款》研究成果表明，<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">公益慈善组织的影响力和募捐能力比较薄弱；公众更倾向于直接捐助而不是通过专业组织；公众对公益组织和个人在公益事业中的地位和作用认知不足。</strong></span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">而随着今年中央一号文件的发布，“三农”的重心从脱贫攻坚全面推进到乡村振兴，</span><span style="font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 0.8px;box-sizing: border-box;">城乡受助群体的需求从原来的物质贫困，日益转变为专业的社会服务需求，这对社会组织提出了新的要求。简单的捐款捐物已难以胜任，公益慈善组织如何适应新的任务？</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;">▲本文仅代表作者观点，不代表本平台立场。</span></p></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section><section style="text-align: left;margin: 10px 0% -40px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;height: 40px;width: 60px;border-left: 10px solid rgb(56, 143, 214);border-bottom-left-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section><svg viewBox="0 0 1 1" style="float:left;line-height:0;width:0;vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section><section style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(121, 121, 121);padding: 0px 20px;line-height: 1.8;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 15px;color: rgb(56, 143, 214);box-sizing: border-box;">从脱贫攻坚转向乡村振兴，<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 15px;color: rgb(56, 143, 214);box-sizing: border-box;">这是一个更加复杂的社会工程。</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section><section style="text-align: right;margin: -40px 0% 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 100%;height: auto;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span></span></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section><section style="font-family: PingFangSC-light;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">2月23日，民政部部长李纪恒在国新办举行的民政事业改革发展情况发布会上透露，2020年，全国接收抗疫捐赠资金396.27亿元、物资10.9亿元。那么，这个数字能说明什么？如何作出理性的、有意义的评价？ </p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">让我们把时光倒回2008年。那一年是中华民族同胞不幸的一年，却也是中国慈善史上具有里程碑意义的一年。5月21日，四川发生8级大地震，遇难和失踪人数达到87150人，受灾总人口达4625.6万人。全国为灾区募集款物762.14亿元，其中捐款652亿元。 </p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">新冠疫情和汶川地震，一个是新中国成立以来最严重的突发公共卫生事件，一个是新中国成立以来最严重的一次地震。单从死亡人数和直接经济损失来看，很难说哪次灾难的危害更大。但是，从捐赠资金规模来看，抗疫慈善动员的资源没有达到十二年前的水平。 横向比较。2020年，中央政府为抗疫发行10000亿元特别国债，与之相比，慈善捐赠资金不足4%。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">2020年，中国GDP总值101.6万亿元，慈善捐赠资金占比不足0.04%。无论是与财政支出相比，还是在社会新增财富中的占比，个人捐赠给慈善组织的资金都不能说很高。 那么，为什么中国社会捐赠会维持在这样一个规模？它是有哪些因素决定的？公众捐赠的动机和方式是怎样的？简单说，就是谁在捐、怎么捐、捐给谁的问题。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"> 今年2月，由盖茨基金会支持北京师范大学、北京大学等高校的专家团队发布《中国公众捐款》研究成果。这份报告基于6个省份的抽样调查，研究了中国公众捐款特征和规律。</p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgba(150, 202, 238, 0.26);padding: 0px 10px;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;margin: -5px 0%;text-align: center;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: auto;vertical-align: middle;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;flex: 0 0 auto;height: auto;border-style: solid;border-width: 1px;border-color: rgb(56, 143, 214);padding: 4px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 0px 0px inset;align-self: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-width: 0px;background-color: rgba(150, 202, 238, 0.26);padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 16px;color: rgb(56, 143, 214);letter-spacing: 1px;font-family: PingFangSC-ultralight;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">中国人到底有多慷慨？</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section><section style="font-family: PingFangSC-light;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">研究显示，39.31%的个人曾在过去3年捐过款，过去1年(2018年度)的比例为32.54%。这一比例比国内已公开的相关研究数据略高，但远低于西方主要国家的公众捐款比例。比如，2017年度英国公众捐款的比例约为60%（CAF，2018），美国公众捐款的比例约为70%（Giving USA，2019），英美两国公众捐款人数比例约为中国的2倍。</p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 100%;height: auto;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span>https://www.gongyi020.com/data/attachment/forum/202103/26/1ac85b6bbe0cdce8086f0fe2eb666f5a.jpeg</span></section></section><section style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(144, 142, 142);font-family: PingFangSC-light;padding: 0px;letter-spacing: 0.8px;line-height: 1.8;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">*2018年7月7日，广州“千年商道”北京路步行街举行公益慈善嘉年华活动，游人可以多种渠道随手支持社会困难群体。</p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section><section style="font-family: PingFangSC-light;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">2018年中国公众日常捐款的总金额约为1526.35亿元。这一数额约占当年GDP(90.03万亿)的0.17%，显然这个比例较一些发达国家低。在已捐款的被调查者中，30.08%的年平均捐款为50元及以下，55.41%的捐款者的年平均捐款为100元及以下，只有9.63%的捐款者年平均额度超过500元。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"> 如何看待中国公众捐款的人数和金额，特别是与发达国家之间的差距？ </p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(56, 143, 214);box-sizing: border-box;">一方面，中国民众大量的捐款实际上直接指向受益人，也就是熟人</span></strong>，因而没有进入民政部门以及各类社会组织接受的捐赠统计，这是中国传统慈善的延续；<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(56, 143, 214);box-sizing: border-box;">另一方面，也说明公益慈善组织的影响力和募捐能力比较薄弱</span></strong>，公众对慈善组织信任程度还不够高。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">研究显示，在为什么捐款的评价中，前三位最重要的原因分别是：“有余力者应该帮助别人”(60.2%)“被救助或募捐的信息所感动”(36.6%)，以及“捐款体现了公民的责任”(18.4%)。也就是说，内在价值的实现是公众捐款最重要的动因，是一种利他主义的道德观的体现。这与以社会责任为核心的现代慈善理念有差别。 </p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">此外，研究还发现，非捐款者则倾向于强调自身经济条件、身边氛围的影响、组织的可信任度或社会政策等客观环境的制约。 </p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">比如，“没有足够的钱进行捐赠”(50.70%)、“不能辨别求助信息的真假” (42.80%)、“周围的人很少捐款”(29.70%)、“担心所捐款项不能得到合理使用”(25.10%)、“捐款解决不了多大问题”(22.80%)、“没有相关的求助或募款信息来源”(17.20%)、“没有方便可靠的捐助途径和平台”(15.30%)以及“不相信募款的慈善组织或机构”(11.50%)。 </p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">这说明，<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(56, 143, 214);box-sizing: border-box;">中国的慈善基础设施仍然比较落后。在假定收入条件不变的情况下，改善捐款政策环境、提升慈善相关信息的透明度与可信度，以及加大社会倡导力度，是提高公众捐款水平的有效途径。</span></strong></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgba(150, 202, 238, 0.26);padding: 0px 10px;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;margin: -5px 0%;text-align: center;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: auto;vertical-align: middle;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;flex: 0 0 auto;height: auto;border-style: solid;border-width: 1px;border-color: rgb(56, 143, 214);padding: 4px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 0px 0px inset;align-self: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-width: 0px;background-color: rgba(150, 202, 238, 0.26);padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="font-size: 16px;color: rgb(56, 143, 214);letter-spacing: 1px;font-family: PingFangSC-ultralight;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">捐款流向救济扶弱，</strong></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">深受熟人社会网络影响</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section><section style="font-family: PingFangSC-light;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">捐给谁？首先看捐款领域。 </p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">研究表明，医疗健康、减灾与救灾、扶贫与发展是中国2018年度公众捐款的最多三大领域，分别占50.90%、15.40%和11.70%。捐款最少的领域依次是科学研究、社会倡导和文体艺术类。这与西方国家的社会捐赠形成鲜明对比。比如美国，2018年度捐赠排在首位的是宗教，其次是教育和社会服务，社会公益和文化艺术类捐赠占比也较大。 </p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">再看受益对象。</p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 5px;width: 100%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><span>https://www.gongyi020.com/data/attachment/forum/202103/26/2d768a4a9131271e101d4be769292b23.jpeg</span></section></section><section style="font-family: PingFangSC-light;font-size: 12px;padding: 0px;color: rgb(144, 142, 142);letter-spacing: 0.8px;line-height: 1.8;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">*2019年5月29日，来自首都儿科研究所附属儿童医院的医务志愿者在西藏墨竹工卡县唐加乡中心小学开展先心病筛查。</p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section><section style="padding: 0px;font-family: PingFangSC-light;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">公众捐款对象最多的依次是儿童青少年(41.10%)、残疾人(17.00%)、老年人(14.00%) 和妇女(6.00%)，接近60%的受益对象为陌生人，而捐款对象是熟人的比例为31.6%。研究者认为，中国慈善活动是特殊主义的，它较强地受到“爱有差等”的儒家文化影响，常常基于血缘或地缘关系展开。这次调研发现陌生人占受益对象比重较大，可能表明中国慈善正在由特殊主义向普遍主义转型。 </p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">但不管怎样，无论是捐款流向、捐款对象还是捐款领域，都能明显看到中国公众捐款带有很强的救济扶弱取向，即偏重于生存和救助性而非发展性的需求回应。 </p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">怎么捐？即公众的捐款方式和信息获取。 </p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">研究表明，55.5%的捐款人选择了网络个人求助和互助平台，32.40%的直接捐给了受益人，16%的捐给了慈善组织，捐给单位或集体组织的比例为15.4%，捐给指定网络公募平台的捐款比例为8.9%。公众获得募款信息，主要是通过社交媒体（62.1%）、家人或熟人介绍（17.5%）和公益网站（15.4%）。 </p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">这表明，传统的互助、救助是驱动公众捐款的主要原因，公众更倾向于直接捐助而不是通过专业组织。中国人在慈善捐赠活动中较强地受到熟人社会网络的影响。 </p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">值得关注的是，研究也证实了业界关于中国互联网慈善的独特性。互联网慈善虽然使用现代化的技术工具，但依然流淌着传统慈善和互助的古老基因。比如，水滴筹和轻松筹两家网络个人求助和互助平台筹款规模超过640亿元，远超民政部指定的21家互联网公募平台。</p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 5px;width: 100%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><span>https://www.gongyi020.com/data/attachment/forum/202103/26/c00b5c270ca2b3e3179010a3e24dbc85.jpeg</span></section></section><section style="font-family: PingFangSC-light;font-size: 12px;padding: 0px;color: rgb(144, 142, 142);letter-spacing: 0.8px;line-height: 1.8;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">*互联网慈善虽然使用现代化的技术工具，但依然流淌着传统慈善和互助的古老基因。</p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section><section style="font-family: PingFangSC-light;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">因此，相比技术和组织形式，<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(56, 143, 214);box-sizing: border-box;">慈善文化是影响捐赠行为一股强大而持久的力量。</span></strong>有研究者指出，我国公益慈善理念存在“清流慈善”的倾向。中国传统慈善中存在浓厚的等级恩赐观、施舍报恩观、非理性财富观，与现代慈善的公民权利观、现代公共意识、社会责任意识、理性财富观的冲突、融合，很大程度上塑造了今天中国公众的捐赠行为。</p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgba(150, 202, 238, 0.26);padding: 0px 10px;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;margin: -5px 0%;text-align: center;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: auto;vertical-align: middle;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;flex: 0 0 auto;height: auto;border-style: solid;border-width: 1px;border-color: rgb(56, 143, 214);padding: 4px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 0px 0px inset;align-self: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-width: 0px;background-color: rgba(150, 202, 238, 0.26);padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="color: rgb(56, 143, 214);letter-spacing: 1px;font-family: PingFangSC-ultralight;font-size: 16px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">乡村振兴，</strong></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">简单的捐款捐物恐难以胜任</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section><section style="padding: 0px;font-family: PingFangSC-light;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">从金钱的维度衡量慈善，社会捐赠相比整个国民生产总值，简直是九牛一毛。在非营利组织的收入份额中，个人捐赠的占比也远远不如收费收益和政府资金。那么，探讨私人捐赠的意义究竟在何处？ </p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">杜克大学法律与公共政策教授乔尔·L·弗雷施曼说，慈善行为是公共利益中个人行为最后一道不受约束的自由边界。在这个意义上，私人慈善（包括捐赠）对于保证非营利部门的独立性至关重要。新冠疫情让政府再次变得强大，经济衰退也凸显了商业组织的重要性，在这种情况下，非营利部门有可能遭到忽视和挤压，其结果可能以牺牲社会多元化为代价。 </p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">中国慈善事业虽然在不断发展，但这种发展是否在传统慈善向现代慈善的转型的意义上，是值得探讨的一个关键问题。值得肯定的是，这份报告专门利用抽样调查数据，研究了现代公益慈善理念与公众捐款行为。 </p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">什么是现代公益慈善理念，以及如何测量这种理念？ </p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">报告提出了一个定义，认为现代公益慈善理念包括以公益慈善作为个人的社会责任，相信并通过专业化的公益组织来完成公益项目，知晓公益慈善相关规则，以及获得公益慈善的相关权利，比如减税。按照这个定义，现代公益慈善理念的核心要素，可归结为对公益慈善事业、自身社会责任、公益组织的认知度。 </p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">调查发现，2018年捐款者对现代公益慈善理念持“一般”态度和“比较赞成”态度的约占50%，说明捐款公众不反对现代公益慈善理念，有很大一部分人持支持态度，但在实际操作层面，传统互助的慈善理念依然对公众捐款产生强烈的影响。捐款者倾向于直接给受助人，而不是捐给专业组织。 </p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 5px;width: 100%;height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><span>https://www.gongyi020.com/data/attachment/forum/202103/26/ce8ae941ff915a965140e2cc9ecd0caa.jpeg</span></section></section><section style="font-family: PingFangSC-light;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(144, 142, 142);padding: 0px;line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 0.8px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">*2019年6月18日，四川省宜宾市长宁县双河中学操场上，孩童在救灾帐篷外吃零食。</p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section><section style="padding: 0px;font-family: PingFangSC-light;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">俗话说，有困难找政府。调查也发现，<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(56, 143, 214);box-sizing: border-box;">捐款公众普遍认为公益事业的主体应该是政府，对公益组织和个人在公益事业中的地位和作用认知不足</span></strong>。这一点，在去年的抗疫过程中，民众对待政府的防控政策态度就表现得淋漓尽致。此外，大多数捐款者也不了解税收减免。研究者认为，公众捐款者虽然认同现代公益慈善理念，但远远没有深入中国公民心中。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;">如何评价这种现状以及它对于中国非营利部门的影响？ </p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">这个问题已经超出了这份报告的研究范围。在报告的导论部分，作者就明确，这项研究拓展至过去组织研究之外的公众捐款。但讨论公众捐款，不可能回避组织化慈善的问题，甚至作者也提到，“中国的公众捐款、慈善事业和非营利组织的发展之间呈现高度同构性特点。” </p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">撇开报告不论，着眼当前中国社会发展的实际，2020年中国GDP总值首次突破100万亿，人均GDP连续两年超过1万美元，稳居中等偏上收入国家行列，与高收入国家发展的差距继续缩小。近日，国务院扶贫办转型国家乡村振兴局，21日中央发布一号文件，“三农”的重心从脱贫攻坚全面推进到乡村振兴。这是一个更加复杂的社会工程。 </p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">在这种背景下，城乡受助群体的需求从原来的物质贫困，日益转变为专业的社会服务需求。这对社会力量参与帮扶提出了新的要求，简单的捐款捐物恐难以胜任。基于此，公众提供志愿服务要比捐款更加依赖社会组织，因为涉及专业培训和项目开发，尤其在农村地区专业人才匮乏，就需要大量的社会组织深入到农村，满足各种社会服务需求。 </p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">那么，这就提出一个问题：<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(56, 143, 214);box-sizing: border-box;">中国的公益组织是否做好了准备，如何适应新阶段公益慈善事业的任务？</span></strong>这份报告透过公众捐款的一个侧面，为业界呈现了中国慈善比较全面的现状诊断，它暴露的问题也为业界的集体反思和努力提供了启迪。</p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="display: inline-block;float: left;width: 45%;margin-top: 0.2em;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(56, 143, 214);box-sizing: border-box;"><section><svg viewBox="0 0 1 1" style="float:left;line-height:0;width:0;vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;float: right;width: 45%;margin-top: 0.2em;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(56, 143, 214);box-sizing: border-box;"><section><svg viewBox="0 0 1 1" style="float:left;line-height:0;width:0;vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section><section style="width: 0.3em;height: 0.3em;border-radius: 100%;margin: auto;background-color: rgb(56, 143, 214);box-sizing: border-box;"><section><svg viewBox="0 0 1 1" style="float:left;line-height:0;width:0;vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section><section style="display: block;width: auto;vertical-align: top;font-family: PingFangSC-light;padding: 0px;line-height: 2;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;max-width: 100%;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="margin: 0px 0% 10px;box-sizing: border-box;max-width: 100%;"><section><svg viewBox="0 0 1 1" style="float:left;line-height:0;width:0;vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="text-align: unset;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;max-width: 100%;"><section><svg viewBox="0 0 1 1" style="float:left;line-height:0;width:0;vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="text-align: left;justify-content: flex-start;box-sizing: border-box;max-width: 100%;"><section><svg viewBox="0 0 1 1" style="float:left;line-height:0;width:0;vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="margin-top: 20px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;max-width: 100%;"><section><svg viewBox="0 0 1 1" style="float:left;line-height:0;width:0;vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="margin-top: 20px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;max-width: 100%;"><section style="display: inline;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" 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30px 0% 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;max-width: 100%;"><section><svg viewBox="0 0 1 1" style="float:left;line-height:0;width:0;vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="margin-top: 20px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;max-width: 100%;"><section><svg viewBox="0 0 1 1" style="float:left;line-height:0;width:0;vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="margin: 20px 0% 8px;text-align: center;justify-content: center;box-sizing: border-box;max-width: 100%;"><section><svg viewBox="0 0 1 1" style="float:left;line-height:0;width:0;vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="margin-top: 20px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 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style="float:left;line-height:0;width:0;vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="margin: 30px 0% 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;max-width: 100%;"><section><svg viewBox="0 0 1 1" style="float:left;line-height:0;width:0;vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="margin-top: 20px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;max-width: 100%;"><section><svg viewBox="0 0 1 1" style="float:left;line-height:0;width:0;vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="margin: 30px 0% 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;max-width: 100%;"><section><svg viewBox="0 0 1 1" style="float:left;line-height:0;width:0;vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="margin-top: 20px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;max-width: 100%;"><section><svg viewBox="0 0 1 1" style="float:left;line-height:0;width:0;vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="text-align: unset;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;max-width: 100%;"><section><svg viewBox="0 0 1 1" style="float:left;line-height:0;width:0;vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;max-width: 100%;"><section style="max-width: 100%;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-family: PingFangSC-light;letter-spacing: 1px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);overflow-wrap: break-word;"><section><svg viewBox="0 0 1 1" style="float:left;line-height:0;width:0;vertical-align:top;"></svg></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="text-align: unset;padding-right: 5px;padding-left: 5px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-family: PingFangSC-light;letter-spacing: 1px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);line-height: 1.6;overflow-wrap: break-word;"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;text-align: center;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;"><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 13px;color: rgba(62, 62, 62, 0.48);overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">END</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;text-align: center;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;"><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 13px;color: rgba(62, 62, 62, 0.48);overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 13px;color: rgba(62, 62, 62, 0.48);box-sizing: border-box;">排版 | 陈诗恩</span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: block;width: auto;vertical-align: top;font-family: PingFangSC-light;padding: 0px;line-height: 2;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;max-width: 100%;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;max-width: 100%;"><section style="display: inline;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="text-align: unset;padding: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-family: PingFangSC-light;letter-spacing: 0.8px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-size: 11px;color: rgba(59, 92, 163, 0.93);line-height: 2;overflow-wrap: break-word;"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;text-align: right;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;text-align: justify;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;"><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(56, 143, 214);background-color: rgba(150, 202, 238, 0.26);overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">版式及来源：基金会论坛公众号CFF2008</span></p></section></section><section style="display: inline;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: unset;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section></section></section>
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